All about Shah Rukh Khan - Salman Khan - fashion disasters - Deepiika Padukone's life in

I wan an easy prey for my wife: Om Puri

2010-01-22T06:32:00.000-08:00

Guess, why did Nandita Puri write her husband Om Puri's biography - An Unlikely Hero - Om Puri? According to the actor, "she found me the most gullible prey - almost like the slowest deer in a herd being chased by a tiger".

"It was the easiest thing to do," Om Puri, who claims that he "likes being stripped by my wife", told the press at Jaipur Literature Festival Thursday.

The actor and his wife were the picture of a perfect couple - as they held court in a corner of the Diggi Palace tackling the press persons who peppered them with queries about movies and the actor's new biography written by his wife.

"It took me two-and-a-half years to write the book and one year of research," Nandita said, looking at her husband.

Nandita, a former journalist, still reads his movie script. "I give her my script and give her Rs.500 and she agrees to read them," the actor said with a grin.

Om Puri still swears by Ardh Satya - the 1983 hit by Govind Nihalani - which painted a grim picture of the Mumbai underworld. "That was a movie which exposed the Indian government machinery and the underworld. My role was kind of a catalyst," he said.

What is the actor's dream role? "I want Amitabh Bachchan to leave some of characters for me. I want him to tell me - 'Yeh roles tumhare liye bacha hai (these are the roles left for you)'," Om Puri said.

He rued that the new Bollywood movies lacked literary content.

"The new movies are not rich in literature. Directors like Bimal Roy, Guru Dutt and V. Shantaram used to make cinema enriched in literature. The new cinema may be getting global recognition, but they are mostly comments on the non-resident Indians and Indians living in the Gulf. We want the world to appreciate our work," he said.

Praising a handful of new directors, Puri said: "Directors like Ashutosh Gowarikar, Vishal Bharadwaj and Rajkumar Hirani are doing a good job - making movies that are not run-of-the mill commercial potboilers. But they make up only 25 per cent of filmmakers. People say the audience demands such cinemas - but in that case movies like Taare Zameen Par and Chak De India would not have broken the box office."

Puri said he was willing to play "unconditional and meaningful roles in television - not the usual saas-bahu ones".

SRK tweets for women hockey players

2010-01-22T06:31:00.001-08:00

Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan who essayed the role of a coach of women's hockey team in Chak De India, has taken up the cause once again.

The actor, who is a recent joinee on the social networking site Twitter writes "Thought Chak De will be good for revival of hockey. Reading the plight of women's team, should think on ways of survival of hockey. All of us."

The women's hockey team, who was upset that Shah Rukh Khan has not tweeted about the recent developments, has followed in the footsteps of their men counterpart. The men's hockey team successfully launched an open revolt last week and did not return to practice at a World Cup camp till they got their incentive cheques.

Though the women players have not boycotted the camp like the men did, but they sported black arm-bands during in practice as a mark of protest. The team had supported the men in their protest wholeheartedly, but was told that there was no money to clear the dues of its members.

Earlier this month SRK had tweeted for the Hockey players and said he felt awful.

Khan, widely praised for bringing the pathetic state of Indian hockey into limelight with his portrayal of a disgraced player who goes on to become a celebrated coach in the 2007 blockbuster Chak De India, had supported the revolting players.

35 crore-worth ad deal for Aamir!

2010-01-22T06:29:00.002-08:00

Ranchoddas Shyamaldas Chanchad is tearing up the record books once again, and suddenly it seems that Aal Eez Well with the Indian advertising space. Well, Aamir Khan has just landed the biggest endorsement deal in Indian advertising history. He will promote new telecom entrant, UAE’s Etisalat, for Rs 30-35 crore for three years, kicking in some fresh energy into the Indian advertising segment that has been licking its wounds from the financial slowdown.

Mr Khan, along with his Bollywood competitor Shah Rukh Khan, already commands the biggest rates, pegged at Rs 6-8 crore per year per endorsement.

However, the figures pale in the light of the billion-dollar life-time endorsement that golf legend Tiger Woods signed, and the $70-million deal that Russian tennis sensation Maria Sharapova bagged early this month from Nike for eight years.

An Etisalat official told ET that the deal was inked before the release of 3 Idiots, where Mr Khan plays the iconoclastic Rancho.

The movie, that was released last month, notched up Rs 240 crore from box office collections in the domestic and the international markets during its first 10 days, making it the biggest box office grosser in the history of Indian cinema.

The Bollywood superstar already promotes brands such as Parle, Coca-Cola, Tata Sky and Samsung.

Telecom companies rope in celebrity endorsers

“he association with Aamir has done wonders for us; he strives for perfection and he’s a complete brand fit that goes beyond being just another celebrity endorsement association,” said Tata Sky chief marketing officer Vikram Mehra.

Mr Khan was not immediately available for comments.

Other telecom companies already have one star endorser each. While Shah Rukh endorses Bharti Airtel, Aircel is endorsed by India cricket captain MS Dhoni. Vodafone’s animated mascot — the eggshell ZooZoo — which debuted with the second season of Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008, is already a sensation.

Salman Khan to join Republic Day parade in Delhi January 26, 2010

2010-01-22T06:29:00.001-08:00

In his endeavour to promote his new film Veer, Salman Khan is going all-out to prove he's the new-age Manoj Kumar of our cinema.

Suddenly, as it were, Salman has transformed into the perennial patriot promoting nationalism and brotherhood at any given cause.

According to sources close to the Khan, Salman will now be a part of the Republic Day parade on 26 January to not only participate in the event but also to comment on the whole concept of freedom and independence in the contemporary context.

According to a source, "This is Salman's golden opportunity to clean up his image. He wants to wipe out his anti-establishment image. He has made up with the media. Now he wants to project himself as someone who cares deeply for his country."

Producer Vijay Galani confirms Salman's presence and participation at the Republic Day parade in Delhi on January 26. Says Galani, "Salman will be seen live on a Hindi channel at the Republic Day parade talking about what freedom and independence mean to Indians."

Salman has been preparing extensively to hold forth in Delhi on 26 January. Says a close friend of the actor, "Salman is tired of being portrayed as the enfant-terrible. He wants a clean image. He's told his family and friends he'd like to set the right example for his younger fans."

The theme of Salman's Republic Day comments in Delhi would be, 'Do Not Misuse Your Freedom.' And a very close friend of Salman says, "When he'll talk about not misusing freedom Salman would be talking about himself as well."

Do not give up in difficult times: Salman Khan

2010-01-22T06:27:00.000-08:00

In the wake of the increasing suicides across the city, Salman Khan appeals to all his fans in a personal note.

Bollywood’s most good looking man, these days may be busy adhering to the PR strategy laid down by the producer for their upcoming film ‘Veer’ and promoting it.

But he is disturbed at the spate of suicides that’s stuck the city in the past 20 days. Salman, through ‘Veer’, which is releasing tomorrow, takes the opportunity to send out a message to all his fans especially the youths who are in the threshold of a disoriented life.

Here is the large hearted Salman’s appeal.
“Besides being entertainers, films are also about the right intent. My film ‘Veer’ isn’t just about a brave-heart, a courageous warrior in the face of external tribulations. It’s also about the hero who lies within us- our inner strength. This is my personal appeal to all my fans out there. Zindagi mein utaar chadav hote hain. Koi baat nahi. Main kehta hoon, Zindagi ka saamna karo. Face every situation fearlessly and soon you’ll realize that there is no bad situation to face. I mean it. Take my example.

“I have gone through a lot in life. So much so that it had pushed me to the brink... Thank God, that it wasn’t the brink of no return! I survived my worst phase because of my family and the blessings of millions of my fans. Zindagi mein dua ki bahut zaroorat hoti hai. Spend sometime in doing good to others and when the going gets tough, yehi dua kaam aati hai. I am living a blessed life today; all because I didn’t take that one wrong step...it was so easy!

“I appeal to all of you. Do not give in to those difficult moments. Hang in there. If the burden of life is too much to bear, and you feel all hope is gone, take a step back, reflect and share it with someone who’ll understand and help you. But I suggest look within and you’ll see the glimpses of hope touching back your life. Mere doston Zindagi bahut khubsoorat hai...”

I like the incomplete romance in Ghajini: Asin

2009-01-03T02:29:00.000-08:00

Well known actress in the South, Asin made her debut in Bollywood opposite Aamir Khan in Ghajini that released last week. After starring in original Tamil version opposite Surya, the actress said that working in the Hindi remake posed its own set of challenges.
To be seen next opposite of Salman Khan and Ajay Devgan in Vipul Shah's London dreams, Asin is surely a talent to look out for.
Rajeev Masand: Welcome Asin and congratulations for the success of the film. Let's do some flashback, about a year ago when they came and offered you to do Ghajini again, what was the first question you had when they told you they were to re-make it in Hindi.
Asin: No questions at all. I knew that Aamir Khan wanted to see the Tamil version and that he had heard about it and there was a special screening of the movie for him in Mumbai.
I then received a call from him, which I thought was a very nice gesture from his side. He congratulated me for the film and he absolutely loved it.
He spoke about my character and then we had a conversation at the end of which he casually asked me if I speak Hindi and if i would be interested in doing any Hindi projects and I said yes, if anything interesting comes along I will. Well, I had no idea they were planning to do it in Hindi.
A few days later the production house calls me and tells that they are remaking it and that Aamir Khan is starring in it. They wanted me to do the same role that I did in Tamil. I was excited. There were no questions. I knew the people, I knew the script. Just the excitement.
Rajeev Masand Wasn’t it boring to do the same role, same movie again?.

Vagh Barash

2008-12-17T07:59:00.001-08:00

Shrinathji wears a gold brocade "Kachani" ( courtly skirt like dress worn by Rajput and Moughal aristocrates ) with numerous necklaces of pearls and emeralds. The beautiful yellow turban is topped with a gold ornament. The stele is covered with dark green silk, contrasting nicely with a red and gold pichavi. Celebrating the bounties of nature, pichavi depicts golden flowers growing on a delicate moughal trellis. Mani Kota ( chamber of gems ), directly in front of the inner sanctum, is decorated with four plantains ( banana plant ) and leaves of the asopalav tree ( cypress ). Chandeliers and chequered red and green brocade canopy lend a regal feel to the inner sanctum. Navnit-Priyaji is similarly dressed in golden apparel and swathed in pearls and emeralds. The pichvi here is of beautiful purple and yellow stripes - pichvi is a colourful backdrop (usually on cloth) and is used to create a desired mood or commemorate a specific event. Veranda outside the inner sanctum of Ladela-Lal is covered in white wall hangings studded with silver moons. Miniature cows and herdsmen (made out of painted wood) wait near the door for the Lord to come out and play with them.In the evening Navnit-Lal sits in the garden courtyard amid regal splendour. A spacious glass and mirror bungalow is set up near the wall of Shrinathji's inner sanctum. Steps leading up to the marble veranda are covered with a chequered carpet of green grass and (red) rose petals. Small lamps are set afloat in the four ponds of the garden. Yellow wall hangings, various chequered canopies, awnings and mirror studded pichvis complete the regal setting. Silver gopies serve the lord with various fans, chamars and the like. Madan Mohanji joins the lord in the evening's revelries as musicians play various instruments to entertain the divine Lords. Set amid lotuses, glittering jewels and myriad of twinkling lights, Lords of Nathadwara bring to life joys of Rajput and Moughal courts. Today in Shrinathji's and Navnit-Lal's haveli, the whole scene is reminiscent of royal hunts when Imperial tents were set amid beautiful groves. Refinements of courtly life were enjoyed in a rustic/ rural setting. Richly decorated awnings stirred in clear mountain air as delicate glass chandeliers spilled pools of coloured light amid silk carpets, cushions and bolsters. At Nathadwara, such scenes are regularly brought back to life to entertain the Divine Lords.

Chatt Puja

2008-12-17T07:57:00.000-08:00

The god of this puja is Lord Sun. It is celebrated in Bihar and in the few areas of Uttar Pradesh and is celebrated two times in a year. It is celebrated in the month of march(chaitra) and in the month of November(Kartik). This puja is started after the 6th day of diwali. The sixth day is called the "kharna day". But the songs of Chatt puja starts a month ago. Women also sings the song of Chatt puja. It is the two days puja. The evening argh and next day the morning argh to the Lord Sun. Women offers grains, fruits etc. to the god Sun. Woman fast for the happiness of her family members in this two days festival. Woman baths in the cold water of lake or pond as it is the important part of this puja.

SAFETY SECURITY

2008-10-07T10:02:00.000-07:00

Rajasthan est un État pacifique et ses gens sont sympathiques et bien intentionnés. Cette pièce d'un avis est signifié à la prudence, mais vous ne devriez pas être paranoïaque, sinon vous manquez connaître les personnes très dynamiques et de la culture du Rajasthan. Comme n'importe où ailleurs, la prudence raisonnable est votre meilleure arme contre le vol ou pour le pire. Rajasthan est très sécuritaire et il n'y a pas de troubles civils. Il est conseillé de ne jamais laisser vos objets de valeur sans surveillance dans le train, gare de plates-formes ou des aéroports. Si vous devez quitter vos biens dans un train, s'il vous plaît bloc de verrouillage avec les boucles d'accrochage du fond de votre siège. En cas de chambre d'hôtel utiliser des verrous sur l'armoire dans la chambre ou si possible sur les portes des chambres aussi. Il vaut la peine si un couple pack de cadenas et une chaîne de mètres de long avec des boucles sur ses extrémités. Il est recommandé de garder votre passeport, billet ou de l'argent sans risque cachée dans un sac attaché ceinture autour de votre taille. Les voleurs et les Thugs sont répandues sur les routes surpeuplées de touristes, faire attention à ne pas accepter de nourriture ou de boissons à partir d'un sympathique co-passager. Il contient mai somnifères pour droguées possible pour soulager de vos bagages. Tout en s'engageant dans une des discussions intéressantes avec un co-passager, soyez vigilant sur vos bagages comme son complice peut-être le vol de vos bagages. Être généralement alerte sac de cueilleurs de champignons. Si vous avez un hébergement à l'hôtel à l'esprit, ne laissez pas de taxi ou de pousse-pousse pilote automatique vous induire en erreur, comme il l'mai seulement être un tout pour un autre hôtel de négociation et les pauvres. Les personnes âgées sont traitées avec respect, mais ils devraient choisir leur itinéraire qui est à l'aise autant que leur santé le permet. Les chèques de voyage sont facilement remplaçables par American Express ou Thomas Cook, selon le cas mai toutefois être toujours garder espèces en cas d'urgence empilés à plusieurs endroits. Rajasthan est très convivial destination des enfants et des enfants souvent renforcer contact local, à leur manière. Il est également conseillé de prendre une bonne assurance. Conservez vos factures comme de bonnes preuves depuis mai vous ont rapport à la question à la police. La police locale est utile et un poste de police ou d'un contrôle a posteriori est toujours près de chez vous. Un poste de police est appelé un "Thana» et un contrôle a posteriori est appelé un "chowki». Lookout pour le signe ci-dessous qui est en vue sur les stations de police. Même les patrouilles de police ou de jeeps Tsiganes peuvent être salué en cas de problème. Dans tous les ville pour contacter le plus proche poste de police ou de l'essence ligne 100.

PEOPLE & RELIGION of Rajasthan

2008-10-07T10:01:00.001-07:00

Les gens Rajasthan, selon le recensement de 2001 a une population de 56,5 millions de dollars. Rajasthan a une grande population autochtone Minas (Minawati) dans Alwar, Jaipur, Bharatpur, et Dholpur domaines. Le Meo Banjara et le déplacement de commerçants et artisans. Le Gadia Lohar est le sens Lohar forgeron qui se rend sur Gadia sens chars à bœufs, ils font généralement et de la réparation des ménages agricoles et met en œuvre. Le Bhils sont l'un des plus anciens peuples de l'Inde, vivent dans les districts de Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Dungarpur, Banswara, Udaipur, et Sirohi et sont célèbres pour leur compétence dans le tir à l'arc. Le Grasia et Kathodi nomades vivent dans la région Mewar. Sahariyas se trouvent dans les Kota, et de la Rabaris de la région sont Marwar éleveurs. La grêle Oswals de Osiyan près de Jodhpur sont couronnées de succès et les opérateurs sont essentiellement les jaïns. Alors que le Mahajan (les échanges de classe) est subdivisé en un grand nombre de groupes, certains de ces groupes sont Jain, tandis que d'autres sont hindous. Dans le nord et l'ouest, la Jat et Gujar sont parmi les plus grandes communautés agricoles. Le Gujars sont les hindous qui vivent dans l'est du Rajasthan. Les nomades ou Rabari Raika sont divisés en deux groupes de la Marus qui élèvent des chameaux et Chalkias qui élèvent des moutons et des chèvres. Les musulmans constituent moins de 10% de la population et la plupart d'entre eux sont sunnites. Il ya également un petit mais riche communauté Shiaite musulmans connue sous le nom de Bhoras dans le sud-est du Rajasthan. Le Rajpoutes si ne représentent qu'une faible proportion de la population sont les plus influents de la section de la population dans le Rajasthan. Ils sont fiers de leur réputation et martiale de leurs ancêtres.

The Wetlands of the Indo-Gangetic Plains

2008-09-25T09:46:00.000-07:00

Originaires de l'arête est de la Aravalli collines de Alwar et Jaipur, et délimitée par l'extrémité nord de la Vindhyan gammes en Karauli, fertiles, les plaines alluviales pente douce vers l'est et le nord-est. Le Chambal, un affluent de la Yamuna, est originaire de l'Vindhyan va dans le Madhya Pradesh et leurs formes de Pâques frontière dans le Rajasthan. La quasi-imperceptible composé de pistes de sable, de limon et de boue arrosé depuis des millions d'années de la Arawalli Vindhyan et collines. Cet appartement, près de traits région est une partie de la grande Indo-Gange plaines. Images satellite du terrain indiquent que la région fait partie une fois de le lit de la rivière Yamuna de l'avant, il a changé son cours. La région continue d'être arrosé par la Banganga et Gambhiri cours d'eau qui sont originaires de la Aravalli et Vindhyan respectivement collines et de la circulation dans la Yamuna, dans l'Uttar Pradesh. Le terrain est plat, afin que cessent ces cours d'eau qui coule, réparties, de fusionner et disparaître dans les plaines inondables. Au cours d'une bonne mousson, la plupart de la région est inondée. Voyager en train à travers ce domaine sur une de ces occasions. J'ai été surpris par la vaste étendue de la propagation d'eau. Il a estimé que si le train est en mouvement par le biais d'un vaste plan d'eau. En raison de l'inondation annuelle, même de la voie ferrée est terre à quelques mètres au-dessus du sol. Historique ainsi que des associations mythologique avec cette région sont nombreuses. Une partie de la région est connue sous le nom de Brij-bhumi et l'on croit être une terre où le Seigneur Krishna a passé sa petite enfance. Mathura, où il est né, fait également partie de Brij-bhumi si elle tombe dans l'État voisin de l'Uttar Pradesh. Légendes faire mention de la richesse et la variété d'animaux, d'oiseaux et de plantes y compris les nobles kadamb (Mitragyna parviflora) des arbres sur les berges des rivières et des marais infesté de serpents et de reptiles, et les Babul (Acacia nilotica) et kareel (Capparts deciduas) les arbres qui ont grandi dans les pâturages, où Krishna pâturées ses vaches. Lors de la 16e siècle Khanua de bataille a été menée entre Babour et Rana Sangha, la région était couverte de jungle et de terres sèches des Prairies que l'abri une importante population d'antilopes et d'autres animaux sauvages. Plus tard, les forêts ont été défrichées pour la culture et des établissements humains. Vers la fin de 17ème siècle, avec le déclin de l'empire moghol, Bharatpur apparue comme un état indépendant et Jat restée pendant plus d'une centaine d'années. Après deux sièges au début du 19e siècle, l'État est venu sous la domination britannique. Le sol est très productif, l'agriculture et de la moutarde, le blé et le gramme est largement répandue. La région fournit un appui à un certain nombre de villages et la ville de plaines inondables de Bharatpur parmi les plus denses peuplées de l'État. La plupart de la végétation naturelle de la région a été perdu. Malgré cela, la région abrite également parmi les meilleurs du monde connu et le plus précieux des espèces sauvages des zones protégées. Le Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Bharatpur, où la végétation et la faune sont protégés par le gouvernement de l'État, est maintenant reconnu site du patrimoine mondial. Et la contribution du Conseil national de Chambal sanctuaire à venir à la rescousse une fois de la gbarial en danger d'extinction et de crocodile des marais est connu pour la conservation dans le monde entier. Les possibilités de développer le potentiel de la dépressions du Ghana ont d'abord été estimé par le Prince Harbhamji de Morvi, le Gujarat, lorsque siégeant en tant que régente à l'enfant Kishan Singh de Bharatpur, en 1899. au cours de ses études en Angleterre, le prince a pris une fantaisie de canard pousses. Afin d'attirer les oiseaux sauvages dans la région, il a augmenté la capacité de rétention en eau des dépressions par la construction de digues et diguettes. Ces nouvellement créé, les lacs ont été remplis avec de l'eau libérée de Azan Bund. Le premier grand tournage a été organisée en Décembre, 1902 lorsque le vice-roi, Lord Curzon, avec Kitchner Seigneur et leur parti abattu 540 oiseaux en utilisant 17 armes à feu. Suite à cela, des pousses de canard est devenu un élément régulier qui ont été organisés en l'honneur de l'important britanniques et indiens invités. Un nombre considérable d'oiseaux ont été abattus, un record qui est gravé sur des plaques de pierre près de Keoladeo temple. Le plus grand nombre d'oiseaux (4273) ont été empoché par Lord Linlithgow, vice-roi et gouverneur-général de l'Inde, en Novembre, 1938. La partie se composait de 39 canons. Des centaines de milliers de canards ont été abattus avant le sport a été arrêté en 1972. Bien que le Maharaja a remis le domaine à l'état des forêts département sur l'indépendance, et la zone a été notifié un sanctuaire par le gouvernement de l'État en 1956, la famille royale a conservé les droits sur le tournage de la région dans le cadre du privilège spécial accordé par un pacte. Ces droits et privilèges ont été retirés en 1972 par le Premier ministre Indira Gandhi. Lors d'une visite au sanctuaire, Indira Gandhi a constaté que une longue route reliant Bharatpur avec Agahapur passé à travers. Un naturaliste elle-même, elle a suggéré que le trafic soit détourné du sanctuaire, et a fourni le financement nécessaire à cette fin. Il a également été à son initiative et de persuasion que le sanctuaire a été élevé au rang d'un parc national en 1982. Les marais de Bharatpur, qui avait été créé à titre de réserve de tir par les dirigeants de Bharatpur, a maintenant l'infrastructure appropriée pour un éventuel Parc du patrimoine mondial. Keoladeo Ghana parc national couvre une superficie de 29 kilomètres carrés. La partie marécageuse varie chaque année en fonction de la disponibilité de l'eau, même si la propagation sec est généralement au moins deux fois supérieure à celle des marais. La végétation de cette région trop sèche varie considérablement. La belle kadam (Mytragyna panifolia) Groves fournir niché sites de coton bleu gris, le canard et le peigne perruche, tandis que le Babul forêts sont le foyer de la Babul (Acacia nilotica), ronj (Acacia leucopbolae) et beens (Capparis sepiaria). Les arbres Babul fournir du matériel pour la nidification des cigognes peintes et ouvert à bec des cigognes. Le changement dans les terres arides à la végétation de buissons et de la mi-arbres de taille composé de membres et beens est favorisée par des blancs à poitrine poules d'eau, les colombes et les pies-grièches. Keladhar dans la zone, la végétation des changements à la prairie sèche avec ses quelques bosquets d'arbres favorisée par les alouettes, les chats et les bruants. Le court Jean-le-Blanc et le noir à ailes de kite sont également considérés ici. Il est également un bon habitat pour blackbuck et nilgai. L'eau est prélevée pour la marécageux éco-système de Ajan Bund canal par le Ghana. Ajan Bund est un contrôle de l'inondation du barrage. L'eau est permis d'être ici depuis un certain temps avant d'être drainé dans le parc. Cela permet au sol à absorber l'eau afin que les plantes cultivées sur elle n'a pas besoin ultérieur d'irrigation. Avec l'exploitation des eaux du Gambhiri à Panchana dans Karauli, l'écoulement de l'eau dans la rivière a diminué et est de nature à porter atteinte à l'approvisionnement en eau du parc. Contre un montant total de 540 millions de pieds cubes de l'eau, le parc reçoit maintenant environ 350 mcft dans un précipitations normales année. Même cette quantité est susceptible d'être réduit en raison de la Panchana barrage. Dans les années de faibles pluies, il n'y a pas assez d'eau dans Ajan Bund à remplir tous les blocs, ce qui aa rétrécissement de l'habitat aquatique. Années de sécheresse comme 1979, 1986 et 1987 a vu l'habitat à peine maintenu en vie par le pompage de l'eau de puits tubulaires spécialement commandées pour répondre à la situation. La plupart des oiseaux migrateurs dispersés à d'autres masses d'eau mais il s'est avéré particulièrement difficile pour les grues de Sibérie tubercules que l'on trouve difficile de se retirer de ses sites d'alimentation sèche. Cigognes, les cormorans, aigrettes, hérons, spatules et darters venir ici pour se reproduire pendant la mousson. En 1983, lorsque le pâturage est interdit dans le parc, la décision a été critiquée par certains conservateurs qui si la croissance excessive de l'herbe Paspalum porterait effet de l'efficacité des oiseaux dans la capture de poissons et, par conséquent, leur effet d'élevage. Les oiseaux prouvé leur erreur. A compter de la niche dans le parc cette année a révélé que plus de 12.000 nids ont été construits par les différentes espèces. Le plus grand nombre ont été construits par shags, suivie par les cigognes peintes, peu commorants, aigrettes moyen, peu aigrettes, ibis blancs et ouvert à bec des cigognes, les grandes aigrettes etc Une abondance de l'offre et l'a assuré de la nourriture pour leurs jeunes poussins, qui sont des mangeurs voraces, est jugée nécessaire par les oiseaux. J'ai observé, en 1986 et en 1987, que dans les années de sécheresse de ces oiseaux ne se reproduisent pas, même si elles arrivent mai dans le parc et certains d'entre eux même de commencer la construction du nid et puis se reproduisent pas. Les oiseaux, semble-t-il, sont en mesure de sens de l'échec de la mousson, et de la pénurie de nourriture. Le bec ouvert cigognes arriver dans la deuxième ou la troisième semaine de Juin et prendre possession de la couronne de la Babul arbres. Ce sont gris-blanc avec quelques oiseaux noirs sur les ailes. Leur propre projet de loi avec ses mandibules d'arche qui ont un écart diagonostic est une caractéristique de l'espèce. Leur forme de projet de loi, curieusement, est le mieux adapté à leur alimentation principale des grands mollusques. Avec le début de la saison des pluies, ces oiseaux commencer à construire leurs nids. Les hommes commencent à la cour des femmes. La reproduction de la tour plumage gris terne des parties de l'oiseau du corps dans un blanc éclatant. À la fin de Juillet, ouvert des centaines de bec des cigognes ont fait leur nid sur les arbres Babul. À la fin de Juillet, les oeufs sont visibles dans le nid, chaque oiseau, portant normalement trois-quatre oeufs de couleur blanc s'ennuie. Au cours de cette période, les cigognes se nourrissent de mollusques, de grenouilles et escargots, à la recherche d'eux dans les petites flaques d'eau dans le bois. Avec la sortie de l'eau de Ajan Bund, une énorme quantité de poisson entre les lacs de Keoladeo. Il faut quatre-six semaine pour remplir les lacs. Nénuphars propagation et la floraison. La propagation de ce lis est plus large dans un précipitations normales année qui suit immédiatement une sécheresse année. Les lis, Nypbea boucbeli, est appelé kumudini en hindi: ses fleurs blanches d'appel d'offres ouvert dans la fraîcheur de la nuit, mais proche dans la matinée, après le lever du soleil. Le bec ouvert cigognes inciter les autres oiseaux de commencer à construire des nids trop. Bientôt, les aigrettes, hérons gris, la nuit des hérons, cormorans peu, Shag Indien, et d'autres darters commencer leurs activités de consolidation de nid. Pensée du site et l'emplacement des nids mai diffèrent d'arbre en arbre, en fonction de la disponibilité de l'espace, un vague schéma préféré de sites devient évident. Mes observations, c'est que les cormorans et les aigrettes faire leurs nids dans les branches inférieures de la Babul, darters occuper le prochain niveau, tout à bec ouvert cigognes prendre le plus haut des branches. Tous les arbres sont entièrement occupés par différentes espèces d'oiseaux, sans aucune barre de couleur. La nidification des aigrettes, des cormorans et des darters sur le même arbre attire l'attention des visiteurs en raison de leur remarquable en noir et blanc couleurs. Certains arbres sont entièrement recouverts de nids. J'ai vu plus d'une centaine de nids composé de huit espèces d'oiseaux sur un seul arbre. Toutefois, blanc ibis, cigognes peintes et grands cormorans ont tendance à nicher dans plus exclusif des colonies de reproduction. L'ibis blanc construit son nid à proximité les uns des autres de faire ressembler à une plate-forme commune. Nest est un bâtiment tâche fastidieuse, en particulier en vue de la perpétuelle pénurie de matériel de nidification. Avec plus de 12.000 nids à être construit dans un court laps de 30-40 jours, cela est compréhensible. Fierce querelles éclatent entre voisins lorsque l'on se trouve vol d'un rameau ou d'un autre matériau de nidification de l'autre. Comme les oiseaux eux-mêmes occupés à courtiser, le bâtiment et l'incubation d'oeufs, de l'imbrication des colonies se taisent. Les seuls sons d'être entendu sont le battement des ailes ou la clattering ou des projets de loi. L'atmosphère dans la heronry changements avec l'éclosion des oeufs. L'air est maintenant chargé avec les sons de la faim perpétuelle oisillons. Les activités de pêche de la mère oiseaux augmentation multiples. Dans la communauté d'alimentation par les aigrettes et de cormorans, grands troupeaux de aigrettes peuvent être considérés ensemble de pêche, tandis que les cormorans en fait conduire le poisson collectivement lors du passage dans les marais. Dans les premiers stades de la cour, l'élevage du plumage ressemble aigrettes splendide. Les mâles exposent leurs Lacy, filigrane panaches d'attirer les femelles. Tous les aigrettes, à l'exception de l'aigrette du bétail, sont blancs, mais l'arrangement de leurs plumes et la couleur de leur visage et les jambes, sont des indicateurs utiles à l'identification des espèces différentes. Les grandes aigrettes, qui sont relativement moins grégaires, ont découlant de manchons long délicat des panaches qui sont soulevées et attisés par la brise. Une caractéristique de la grande aigrette est THT leur plumage d'élevage semble que pour un court laps de temps et commence à disparaître une fois le cour est terminé. D'observation de la parade nuptiale de ces oiseaux est intéressant. Le mâle de ses fans panaches de susciter sa femelle. Les oiseaux échange salutations, contact des uns et des autres projets de loi, et Entwine leur cou. Median plumes d'aigrettes ont sur leur dos et la gorge. Au cours de la phase d'élevage, les lentilles de la marque est un oiseau noir orange rouge par rapport à la femme de l'orange. Le visage et les peaux orbitale des deux sexes sont jaune-citron avec une teinte verdâtre sur la zone immédiatement en face de l'œil. Il est plus verte chez les femmes de la peau du visage que dans celui de l'homme. Leur rupture est noir. Little aigrettes venir à côté d'eux dans l'ordre de leur élevage. Ces aigrettes tribunal par s'incliner, leurs panaches de devenir dressées, et leur visage et les peaux tour orbital de corail rose. Après l'affichage de la couleur de la peau à un retour grisâtre pâle un. Au cours de la cour, les pieds sont un jaune éclatant, comme si la nature destiné à porter les chaussettes jaune. Bovins aigrettes ressembler le petit aigrettes, mais un élément distinctif de la non-saison de reproduction est leur projet de loi jaune. Aigrettes bovins n'ont pas le panache mais les autres couleurs ajouter à leurs beaux atours. Leur tête, le cou et le dos lueur orange d'or, tandis que la peau du visage et les yeux deviennent rouge de sang au cours de la cour. Leur nid sur les branches inférieures de la Babul semble être un brouillon structure de brindilles. Par la première semaine du mois d'août, les oeufs ont été posées dans le nid. Un embrayage est normal de trois-cinq œufs, un pâle lait écrémé en couleur. Après la ponte des oeufs, de 17 à 22 jours, les hommes et les femmes à tour de rôle les incuber. Les poussins sont de couleur crème. Après l'éclosion, les adultes jeter les coquilles vides par laisser tomber sur le côté du nid. Darters, les grands cormorans, peu de cormorans, Shag Indien et blanc ibis, tous construire leurs nids sur le Babul. Un groupe de quatre-cinq Darter nids peut être vu à des distances d'un pied ou deux de l'autre. Une caractéristique intéressante est que les jeunes de ces oiseaux sont en noir duvet blanc quand elles éclosent, le passage à brun clair en vieillissant, et un brun plus foncé par le temps qu'ils commencent à voler. Cormorans et de l'Inde sont également shags noir, comme le dard, mais les jeunes sont aussi noir. Leurs nids sont mal plates-formes réalisées à l'aide de bâtons. Le serpent d'oiseaux ou de dard est reconnaissable par sa mince, comme serpent, velours marron cou, l'étroitesse de la tête et du projet de loi fait poignard. Bien qu'il passe une grande partie de son temps dans l'eau, son plumage, à la différence des canards, n'est pas étanche. Après la natation dans l'eau, dont elle a besoin pour sécher ses plumes bedraggled. Le dard est un parfait nageur et il s'agit d'une expérience de visionnement chasser sa proie. Il fentes pour un poisson, son projet de loi soulève au-dessus de la surface de l'eau et lance le poisson en l'air, la capture car elle s'inscrit parfaitement son bec. Beaucoup de gens trouvent difficile de faire la différence entre les trois espèces de cormorans. Le peu de cormoran a une petite tache blanche sur sa gorge et une crête sur le dos de la tête. Le grand cormoran est de la taille d'un canard domestique avec un gris-blanc patch sur la tête et du cou dans la saison de reproduction. Le baiser indien pourrait facilement être confondue avec ces deux-là. Dans la saison de reproduction, il a une touffe de plumes blanches derrière les yeux et quelques mouchetures blanches sur la tête et du cou. L'ibis blanc est de couleur blanche, sauf pour son projet de loi et les jambes qui sont noirs. Il préfère se nichent en colonies. Au cours de la saison de reproduction, un appel de couleur rouge apparaît sur le côté de ses ailes. Hérons de localiser les sites de nidification dans les colonies, ainsi que les cormorans. Hérons sont reconnaissables à distance en raison de leur long, mince en forme de S cou. Au cours de la saison de reproduction, les hérons gris développe un vif, orange-rouge et bec jaune-orange jambes, et une crête occipitale noir se développe sur la tête. De même, le héron pourpre porter un plumage brillant au cours de la saison de reproduction. Les deux hérons faveur zones aquatiques herbeux avec des correctifs, mais tandis que le pourpre à ce sujet établit une colonie loin des autres oiseaux, le gris lui-même à ce sujet s'avère moins fastidieux, à construire son nid sur les arbres ainsi que d'autres oiseaux aquatiques. Le comparativement plus petites et plus belle nuit à ce sujet avec les nids d'autres colonies d'oiseaux d'eau, mais faire son propre nid dans le plus épais, coeur des arbres. Une longue crête apparaît sur sa tête au cours de la période d'élevage, et les yeux transformer un rouge profond. Au cours de la dernière semaine du mois d'août, les cigognes peintes pour commencer la recherche sur les arbres pour construire leurs nids. La cigogne peint partage ses arbres avec spatules. Bien que les cigognes ont peint pas de plumage de reproduction, les nouveaux arrivants chercher spécialement coloré et lumineux. Au cours de cette période, la bande noire à travers la poitrine et le frappant, délicate rose rose près de plumes de la queue se combinent avec sa couleur blanche à renforcer sa beauté. Une fois que les oiseaux choisissent des sites de nidification, ils sont là presque constamment. Le mâle et la femelle se partagent le travail de faire nid. Le mâle apporte Babul brindilles et les remet à la femme qui le met sur la plate-forme. Le nid est une grande plate-forme de bâtons, et a doublé dépression avec les tiges et les feuilles de l'eau ou les mauvaises herbes graminées. C'est aussi le moment où les spatules défaire de leur couleur crème et tourner à blanc, et porter le poilu crêtes. Bien que les deux hommes et les femmes spatules développer les crêtes, que les hommes de se présenter de manière légèrement plus gros et plus lourd que celui de la femelle. En outre, un point rouge apparaît à la fois de la partie inférieure de foreneck, juste en-dessous du projet de loi. Chez les hommes, cet endroit est plus sombre et plus lumineux. La forme de spatule, le projet de loi distinctif de cet oiseau est sa principale caractéristique, il est noir et jaune, large et plat, et se termine par une spatule élargi. Après la mi-Septembre, les jeunes poussins sont visibles dans le nid de cigognes peintes et spatules,. Peu d'activité est observée alors que les œufs sont éclos, mais une fois le départ des poussins de plus en plus, leur demande de nourriture augmente. Les deux parents mettent les poissons pour les poussins, de régurgiter la moitié digéré repas sur le sol du nid où il est avidement dévoré par les poussins. À la fin de Octobre, tous les jeunes oiseaux, à l'exception, il peint des cigognes et spatules, ont commencé à piloter En Novembre, les jeunes spatules ont également eu vol, alors que la fin de l'élevage Painted Stork on peut le voir s'occuper de leurs jeunes, même jusqu'à la dernière semaine de Novembre. Une août matin, j'ai poussé un bateau avec l'aide d'un long bambou à travers un peu, de mauvaises herbes étouffé du lac, lorsque j'ai porté une médaille de bronze à ailes Jacana avec deux poussins. En voyant le bateau, le premier Jacana caché les poussins sous ses ailes, mais que le bateau tenus d'aller de l'avant, l'oiseau quitté sa tenue de poussins pressé entre ses ailes, de leurs longues pattes et les orteils se balançant au-dessous de la mère ailes. Le Jacana a utilisé une façon peu orthodoxe pour éviter un danger pour ses poussins. Jacanas sont propres oiseaux qui ont évolué une vie très propre dans les marais. Grâce à leur très longues pattes et presque aussi longue, droite orteils, ils marchent librement sur l'ensemble du mince végétation flottante et même sur la feuille de lis plaquettes. Discret à distance en raison de sa couleur vert métallique, il n'est pas facile à repérer, même lors de l'exécution autour de plus de la végétation flottante. Il fait son nid en haut, l'herbe épaisse. Le nid est un set de tiges tordues de mauvaises herbes sur flottant, la végétation aquatique. Le nid d'ordinaire la recherche est un merveilleux exemple de l'ingénierie des compétences de l'oiseau. Il est bien ancré pour l'aider à rester en place, même dans l'eau qui coule. La masse flottante permet de conserver le nid au-dessus de l'eau quand le niveau d'eau monte après de fortes pluies. Si, à tout moment, le nid est trouvé inapproprié ou dangereux, les hommes les transferts d'oeufs en utilisant son bec, à un autre nid construit par lui. La femelle de l'espèce est plus grosse que le mâle, et est polyandrous. Elle définit habituellement quatre œufs et de bronze avec le reste des hommes seulement jusqu'à la oeufs sont pondus sur un nid flottant. Dès que les oeufs sont pondus, elle se déplace à la recherche d'un autre partenaire d'accouplement. En une saison, elle mate mai avec trois à quatre hommes dans une rangée. L'entière responsabilité o incubation des oeufs et aux soins parentaux pour les poussins est de la seule responsabilité de l'homme de bronze à ailes Jacana. Les autres espèces de Jacana dans le parc est le faisan à queue Jacana, un beau brun et blanc avec un oiseau d'or de velours et un cou élégamment incurvés longue queue. Il a également fait son nid sur la végétation flottante. La femelle est polyandrous Jacana et laisse les oeufs à la recherche d'un autre partenaire alors que le précédent partenaire de sexe masculin couve entre eux. Le violet Moorhen, Moorhen Indien et à poitrine blanche Waterhen, préfèrent épaisse végétation aquatique à construire des nids en Septembre et Octobre. Le violet Moorhen est facilement identifié par son violet-bleu, rouge gras et long front nu rouge jambe. L'oiseau est très bruyant pendant la saison de reproduction. Le mâle passe par un ridicule parade nuptiale, la tenue d'eau mauvaises herbes dans son projet de loi et à son salut mate à l'accompagnement des ricanements fort. Son nid est un monticule d'herbe, de carex ou de roseau, avec une légère dépression au milieu. Un embrayage normale se compose de quatre à cinq œufs, la crème à rouge de couleur chamois. Les œufs éclosent après 26 à 27 jours d'incubation. Avec de l'eau déborde du barrage Ajan, le plus haut de la rivière à gué Indien oiseaux, la grue sarus également de nidification commence. Un trait remarquable est que, une fois une paire est formée, il reste ensemble et des races depuis des années. Le rituel de la cour est une activité formelle. Sarus des grues, des nicheurs solitaires, de construire leur nid loin de la reproduction des colonies d'autres oiseaux. J'ai passé des heures à observer ces oiseaux dans leur nid. Généralement, le nid est construit sur une surface légèrement en relief entourée d'eau. Les deux sexes participent à la construction du nid exercice. Les oiseaux cueillir l'herbe et autres petites plantes et les tas en un monticule bruts. Ils n'ont pas le matériel au nid mais il recueillir sur le site lui-même. Les deux sexes incuber les oeufs et échangent régulièrement des devoirs à la nidification. À chaque changement de service, ils montrent leur attachement les uns aux autres par l'échange de salutations. Ils proue de leur tête, le cou arche et puis point leur bec vers le ciel accompagné d'un battement d'ailes et de barrissement à l'unisson, à l'occasion de sauter et de faire demi-tour. Les jeunes prennent environ 32 jours pour éclore. Le nouveau-né sont environ six pouces de longueur, mais à augmenter rapidement le taux de 2-2,5 cm par jour, et bientôt avoir la taille de leurs parents. Bharatpur est à son meilleur vers la fin du mois d'août. La croissance de la plante est encore fraîche et verte. Les arbustes qui bordent les rives des lacs sont riches avec des grimpeurs de floraison avec des fleurs attrayantes de rouge, rose, blanc et violet. Il ya plus de papillons, de coléoptères et de libellules qu'à tout autre moment de l'année. Le parc semble être elle-même prépare à accueillir ses visiteurs d'hiver. La rose comme les étourneaux sont les premiers oiseaux migrateurs de parvenir à Bharatpur de leur lieu de nidification en Europe de l'Est. Ces oiseaux passent tout l'hiver ici et de retourner vers leurs lieux de nidification seulement en Mars-avril. Avec le Rosy Starling, la première de parvenir à un gibier d'eau est la Bharatpur Garganey sarcelle. Ce petit canard est le précurseur de milliers d'oiseaux aquatiques migrateurs qui arrivent ici pour hivernage. En cours de la dernière semaine d'Octobre, presque toutes les variétés d'oiseaux aquatiques migrateurs, oiseaux de rivage et d'autres oiseaux de cette visite Bharatpur sont arrivés au parc. La clameur de leur voix remplit le parc. C'est le moment où la très rares grues de Sibérie normalement dans le parc. Avec leur arrivée, l'atmosphère devient facturés comme les ornithologues amateurs ont hâte à leur premier coup d'oeil VIP de ces oiseaux. Le projet de loi et les jambes de cette grue blanche sont rose rouge tandis que les yeux sont de couleur jaune. L'extrémité de l'intérieur des ailes sont noir et deviennent visibles lorsque les oiseaux en vol. Son régime alimentaire se compose principalement de tubercules de la végétation aquatique. Il se nourrit également incects sur les écosystèmes aquatiques, de mollusques, des vers et probablement de poissons. Seul un sous-adulte accompagne une paire. Les jeunes immatures ont une couleur marron. Les grues vivent habituellement pars en groupes ou en famille. Le délai d'une semaine de leur arrivée, la famille choisit son territoire où il n'a pas accueillir d'autres. Grues de Sibérie ont été les visiteurs à les zones humides du nord de l'Inde au fil des siècles. Les premiers tableaux de Ustad Mansoor, le célèbre peintre du 17ème siècle dans la cour moghole de Jahangir, représentent la grue de Sibérie. Dans le passé, ces oiseaux ont été observés dans une dizaine de lieux différents en Inde. Bien connu ornithologue M. Salim Ali a également observé ces oiseaux dans Prayagpur lac, dans l'Uttar Pradesh. Mais l'habitat de l'oiseau a été considérablement réduite au fil des ans. Grues de Sibérie de l'Inde sont maintenant trouvé que dans le Parc national de Keoladeo. Hero aussi, leur population diminue rapidement. Dans l'hiver de 1964-65, plus de 200 grues de Sibérie est venu de Bharatpur, alors que cette année, leur nombre est tombé à seulement trois. Pas de raison de la baisse de leur nombre peut être donné, mais le tir de ces oiseaux lors de leur migration semble être une explication. Une autre raison pourrait être la consanguinité du fait de la très faible population. Quoi qu'il en soit, il reste un sujet de préoccupation. J'ai lancé un program de compléter la population de grues sauvages dans le parc à Bharatpur en introduisant élevés en captivité grues de l'autre en Russie population qui migre vers la Chine. Le program a commencé avec l'International Crane Foundation, Etats-Unis, avec l'aide du gouvernement de l'Inde, la Russie et d'autres organismes internationaux. Efforts, mais ne réussit pas, se poursuivent. Outre la grue de Sibérie, la grue est également commun de visites du parc au cours de l'hiver. Le noir tête et le cou de ces grues, de rouge et un patch de peau nue sur la couronne, rend leur identification simple. Un oiseau timide qui ne permet pas les intrus de l'homme à se rapprocher, il commence barrissement bruyamment pour effrayer les éloigner. Le bar-tête et les oies cendrées sont des visiteurs d'hiver, alors que les oies rieuses peut être vue seulement de temps en temps. Le bar-tête races d'oies dans l'Himalaya, au Ladakh et au Tibet, sur les îles dans les lacs ou les marécageuses sur les affleurements rocheux le long de la marge de marécages. Comme sûr aires de nidification sont limités, les oies nichent dans les colonies. Ils ont été observés volant à une altitude de 27.000 pieds au-dessus de l'Himalaya. Dans Keoladeo, ils s'installent sur les prairies ouvertes et se nourrissent de graminées, et greenforage gramme domaines. Ils se reposent pendant la journée. Cendrée, l'oie une autre commune, peut être vu dans le bicarbonate de soleil en hiver, tordu le cou et la tête rentrée dans leur corps. Quand on les dérange, les oies honking produire un son, et le troupeau décolle honking bruyamment. Son bec rose et les jambes à l'identification de l'oiseau. La cendrée de la grosse tête et le projet de loi se détachent en silhouette, et en vol. Il se distingue également par sa antérieures gris pâle. Les adultes ont parfois de petites parcelles de blanc sur le front et ont souvent des marques noires sur le ventre. L'appel est fort trisyllabic souvent, parfois avec une note prolongée. Un troupeau de la demande sont reconnus par les autres troupeaux. Le nombre de surface d'alimentation et de canards plongeurs visitant le parc est un peu égal. Le pilet est le plus distinctif de la commune de canards. Le mâle blanc de la poitrine et bandes blanches sur l'extension de part et d'autre de sa tête de couleur chocolat, long, long, mince cou et la queue se fait lorsque l'oiseau est-il sur terre ou dans l'eau. La femelle, comme la plupart des femmes canards barboteurs, est brunâtre et terne en apparence. Le pilet dévore petit des insectes d'eau avec la végétation aquatique. Le Canard siffleur fait distinctif avec ses châtaigniers tête et une large bande buff sur la couronne est facilement reconnaissable à distance. En vol, le patch de blanc sur l'aile supérieure est frappante. Le Canard siffleur a un cou court et de son projet de loi est idéal pour pâturages. Gadwall vu les canards sont en grand nombre. Son mâle a les flancs gris et un brun-gris, et le projet de loi de la femelle a conspicuous orange bords. Le canard préfère passer la plupart de son temps dans l'eau, de manger la végétation flottante et parfois upended plongée à une profondeur de 12 pouces pour se nourrir de plantes aquatiques. Shelducks sont un spectacle rare dans le parc. Les deux sexes est similaire en couleur, mais le mâle a un bouton rouge visible à la base de la branchie. La femelle est plus petite et n'a pas le bouton. Le lièvre Shelduck peut être identifié à distance par ses couleurs vives. Les corps des deux sexes de ce canard lumineux de couleur est brune couleur de rouille et le noir primaires. Il est une étroite bande de noir vers le milieu du col de l'Homme, et la tête est d'alléger que le corps. Elle engendre au Tibet, Ladakh, de la Mongolie une Asie centrale. Le dessin du souchet est trop distincts. Le mâle a un corps blanc marron. Il peut être distingué des autres canards par son projet de loi. Il se nourrit généralement de natation en eaux libres avec la demi-projet de loi et en demi-hors de l'eau. Garganey canards sont de taille moyenne. Dans la saison de reproduction, le drake du blanc des yeux bande rouge sur sa tête brun est manifeste. Il ressemble à sarcelle commune. Utiliser le parc comme un passage, le canard migre vers le sud de l'Inde. Ses numéros dans le parc, est donc plus important en Octobre-Novembre et Février-Mars. La commune ou vert sarcelle à ailes est le plus petit des oiseaux visitant le parc. Il peut être distingué des autres espèces ainsi que par la taille. Le mâle a un marron clair avec une tête large bande yeux verts qui est très caractéristique, mais la femelle est de couleur terne. Elle peut être vue dans l'alimentation des petits étangs et des fossés ou dans les eaux. Le canard colvert visites Bharatpur en petit nombre. La tête du mâle est vert avec un anneau blanc cou, la poitrine de pourpre, brun, tandis que les femmes de la tête est un mat orange avec un montant variable du noir. Peu de temps après son arrivée à Bharatpur, les mâles commencent à afficher leur plumage d'élevage, et l'activité trépidante de la liaison commence. Il existe une forte concurrence pour courtiser les femelles en ce moment, et trois oiseaux sont fréquents vols avec deux Drakes poursuivant un vol de canard. Tous les autres canards sont canards plongeurs. Évolutif, ces sont considérés comme les plus avancés parmi les volailles sauvages, elle est adaptée à un quasi-totalité existence aquatique. Ils ont un grand court pieds et les jambes ensemble bien de retour sur le corps afin de permettre au maximum de propulsion sous l'eau. Le rouge-crested Pochard est un canard de plongée qui se comporte comme une surface d'alimentation. Le mâle a un bel orange-rouge crête tête, qui est une particularité et brille de loin. Moins vocal, ce canard timide préfère le plus loin, plus silencieux eaux libres. Mostly seen at Mansarovar lake in the Bharatpur, where its number reach 3 to 4 thousand, it is an accomplished diver and submerges for about 25 seconds, reaching a depth of seven-eight feet. It frequently feeds upended and occasionally dabbles n the surface or in mud. The pochard and the tufted duck are other diving ducks that visit the park. The abundance and variety of wildlife in the Chambal was vividly described by the great Sanskrit poet, Kalidas, in his legendary work, Meghdoot. In the compilation, he urges his messenger to continue to move along the clear stream of the river Chambal and not to get scared of the wild animals and reptiles living there. The poet also mentions a number of terrestrial and waterbirds such as the sarus cranes and egrets, still found in the area. The Chambal is a tributary of the Yamuna that originates in the Vindhyan hills in Madhya Pradesh. It is one of the few rivers of India that flow from south to north. Dams and barranges like Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar and Kota barrage have been built on the river to make use of the enormous quantity of water that flows in it. Although several human settlements are located along the banks of the river, the Chambal is among the least polluted of the country’s rivers. The construction of these huge dams has converted, at least in parts, a fast flowing river into a deep, still waterbody. The impact of the creation of these large bodies of water on the flora and fauna of the river has not yet been fully assessed. The river provides shelter to a large number of rare and highly endangered species like the gharial (Gavialis gangfticus), marsh crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), fresh water dolphins (Plantista gangetica), and otter (Lutra perspicillata) besides a number of species of turtles. Because of excessive hunting and other reasons, the gharial and crocodile were of the verge of extinction during the ‘70s. These species had disappeared from many major rivers of the country. A special programme to save them with international assistance was launched in 1975. The programme could be successfully implemented only because the eggs for captive rearing and release of the gharial and mugger could be collected from the sandy banks of the Chambal. Gharial eggs were taken from Chambal to various centres in the country and hatched. The young gharials were reared till they attained a length of a metre and a half. These reptiles were later released in different rivers of the country. The riverbed of the Chambal along with a kilometer wide strip of land on both banks has been notified a wildlife sanctuary by the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in their respective area. The Chambal is rich in aquatic fauna as well as birdlife. /Crocodiles and gharials can be seen basking along its banks during the winters. On a boat ride on the river near Rameshwaram, Sawai Madhopur, I had seen flocks of migratory birds including bar-headed geese, ruddy shelduck, pintail and gadwall. I also saw a number of skimmers near the junction of the Banas and Chambal rivers.

Vindhyan et Deccan

2008-09-25T09:41:00.000-07:00

L'est et du sud extrémités de la Aravalli va dans le Rajasthan marque le début de deux formations géologiques différentes. Le système Vindhyan colline et le Deccan, commencer ici. Vindhyan Le système est au-dessus de la plus ancienne des formations et constitue un unmetamorphosed colonne de calcaire, arénacé et les sédiments argileux, qui couvrent un vaste domaine, sa profondeur variant de pointe à une épaisseur maximale de 4300 m. Le Vindhyas dans l'État font partie de la Grande Vindhyan bassin, qui s'étend de Rohtas au Bihar à Chittorgarh au Rajasthan. Le contact entre la pré-Aravalli et Vindhya est marquée régionaux ya faute, la grande limite faute, qui Aravallis les masses contre la partie inférieure de quartzites Bhander Vindhyan groupe. Cette grande faute frontière passe par le parc national de Ranthambhore dans Sawai Madhopur. Vindhyan grès est, de loin, les plus rock dans l'état, à l'exception de la partie inférieure de Bhander étape qui, pour la plus grande partie, est calcaire. Le grès est d'un uniforme à grains fins, de préserver l'uniformité de la texture et la composition inchangé sur de longues étendues. Le Kaimur ainsi que Bhander grès est une texture fine, souple, facilement réalisable pierre avec une teinte rouge profond. Elle passe parfois dans des tons doux dans Karauli. Ces pierres ont un grand marché pour la construction et l'architecture d'autres fins. La topographie est variée. Hill changement de pentes très douces à raide, se terminant en formant les escarpements imprenable obstacles. De vastes plateaux, localement appelé dangs, ont été formés et les aplatis collines de la Vindhyas. Avec la richesse de sa faible densité de graminées et de la croissance des arbres, la dangs sont un bon pâturage des terres pour les herbivores sauvages et animaux domestiques bovins. Vindhyan dhok de forêts et d'autres espèces associées à fournir en excellent habitat pour le tigre et de ses espèces proies. Le Deccan, la formation se produit dans l'État du sud de la extrémités de la Vindhyan Aravalli une fourchette. Vers la fin de l'ère mésozoïque, il ya eu un vaste flux d'éruptions de lave dans la péninsule qui occlusive des coulées de lave ont été séparés par des lits sédimentaires. L'épaisseur de la colonne de coulées de lave et des lits sédimentaires variées d'un endroit à l'. Les coulées de lave a donné lieu à la aplatis collines et les plateaux avec leurs beaux-comme les terrasses. La formation dans son ensemble est appelé le Deccan. Deccan pièges sont durs, difficiles, les roches compactes. Au fil du temps, ils ont résisté et ont été considérablement réduits à sphéroïdal pâtés de maisons. Ces dernières ont une base et l'état sont entourés y résisté, coquilles concentriques. Le sol noir de coton du sud du Rajasthan, doit son existence à l'altération prolongée de la Decan piège. Bien que de nombreuses région ont été mis en culture, la région continue d'avoir des poches bien garni avec du bois de teck, le bambou et les forêts mixtes divers, et une population d'animaux sauvages. La rencontre de deux systèmes différents colline-Aravallis l'ancienne et la jeune Vindhyas avec leurs différentes formations géologiques et de caractéristiques physiques, a non seulement abouti à la production de la grande faille géologique, mais a également produit une topographie mixte qui est idéal pour l'habitat des tigres et de leurs proies. Les herbivores trouver les prairies Vindhyan dangs sur le terrain idéal de nourriture, tandis que la forte-vallées striés avec leur végétation ense (localement connu sous le nom de Kho) de fournir des lieux sûrs pour les tigresses de se reproduire. Situé dans ces collines, près de la ville de Sawai Madhopur, est l'ancien fort de Ranthambhore. Le massif fort a eu un passé tumultueux. Construit au 10ème siècle par une règle Chauhan, ses mille ans d'histoire a été témoin d'un certain nombre de sièges, de batailles et les agressions par des envahisseurs, y compris un certain nombre d'empereurs moghols. Ranthambhore l'histoire est remplie d'histoires de bravoure et de vaillance, et parmi eux la ténacité avec laquelle Rana Hamir conservé son mot à o le coût de son royaume, et même sa vie, fait partie du folklore populaire. Le fort et les forêts qui l'entourent sont venus sous le contrôle des dirigeants de Jaipur au début du 19e siècle,. Dans le temps, la forêt a été désignée zone de chasse de Jaipur préserver la famille royale, sa faune strictement protégées autrement par les dirigeants. Même si une partie de ces forêts a été notifié que la Sawai Madhopur sanctuaire en 1955, les dirigeants ont continué d'exercer leur privilège jusqu'au retrait de toutes ces installations en 1972. En 1973, lorsque Tiger projet a été lancé par le gouvernement de l'Inde en collaboration avec le WWF, la Sawai Madhopur sanctuaire a été inclus dans la liste des neuf réserves de tigres. En 1980, les forêts de Sawai Madhopur ont été notifiés d'un parc national et il est venu à être connu sous le nom de Ranthambhore parc national. Le paysage est dominé par dbok (Anogeissus pendula) arbres. Près de peuplements purs de dbok on peut le voir dans les vallées et sur les basses pentes. Les pentes supérieures ont un juste mélange de salar (Boswellia serrata) et la gomme des arbres (Sterculia urens) avec leur écorce lisse blanc. La vallée et le bas des pentes aussi avoir une bonne croissance de Palas (BUTEA monosperma) ont également connu sous le nom de la flamme-de-la-pour-Est. Ber (Zizypbus mauritiana) et kbair (Acacia catecbu) les arbres poussent en plein, les zones arides. Le parc est parsemé de banyan (Ficus bengalensis), peepul (Ficus religiosa) et la mangue (Mangifera indica), arbres, indiquant anciens établissements humains. Jamun (Syzygium cumini) les arbres poussent le long de nullabs Evergreen forme de ceintures qui fournissent de l'ombre pendant les mois d'été. Les forêts sont intercalés avec de grandes étendues ouvertes de prairies. Certaines de ces clairières être utilisé pour de petits villages avec des champs cultivés qui ont été re-trouve dans le milieu des années 70. Trois lacs dans le parc ont submergé et luxuriante végétation émergente. Kbus (Vetiveria zizanoides) l'herbe pousse en abondance sur la périphérie des lacs. La proximité de la canopée des arbres dbok empêche la croissance d'un couvre-sol dense qui pourrait entraver la visibilité. A quatre roues motrices jeep ou tsigane est le mieux pour l'affichage sauvage dans le parc. Au fil des ans, les animaux sauvages, y compris les tigres, sont devenus tout à fait habitués à ces véhicules. Quand trouve, ils ne sont pas timide, et permettre aux visiteurs une vue assez proche de leurs activités courantes. Or, pour être en mesure de voir un tigre n'est jamais une valeur sûre. Leur tolérance peut parfois s'étirer pendant des heures, mais en d'autres occasions, ils s'évanouissent dans la forêt pendant des jours en tout. Rantambhore offre un excellent habitat pour les herbivores. Fait intéressant, Sambar (Cervus unicolour), le plus grand cerf indien, considéré comme un timide, solitaire et nocturne des animaux par les naturalistes dans d'autres parties de l'Inde, est vu ici dans de grands troupeaux. Sambar troupeaux de passer leur journée dans et autour des lacs dans le parc, librement entrer dans les eaux pour se nourrir de plantes aquatiques submergées. Le cerf tacheté ou cbital (Axisaxis) ne sont pas entrés dans la masses d'eau. Dans la société de la langur (Presbytis entellus), il se nourrit de feuilles et de REC fruits de la forêt. De grands troupeaux de cbital aussi de recueillir des aliments pour animaux ou sur les herbes fraîches qui poussent dans le lac séché lits. Parmi les antilopes, les nilgai (Baselapbus tragocamelus) se trouve dans le parc. Son habitat préféré est ouvert pays. Il peut être vu en grand nombre dans les zones périphériques autour de la Guda Gilai Sagar et les lacs. Cbinkara (Gazella azella) est fréquemment vu sur le plateau et sur des pentes douces. Le sanglier (Sus scrofa) est distribué à travers le parc et un grand nombre peut être vu de nourriture pour les tubercules dans les zones lacustres. Indien lièvre, et la mangouste varan sont communs partout dans le parc tandis que civettes, Ratel et porc-épic sont noctumal créatures. Quatre espèces de chats utiliser l'habitat. Le léopard évite même les rencontres avec le tigre, soit vivant à la périphérie de son territoire, ou par l'intermédiaire d'exploitation sélective de l'habitat en son absence. Le caracal jungle chat et ne pas entrer en conflit avec les grands chats parce que leurs proies de base est différente. Autres carnivores inclure la hyène, le chacal et le Ratel (blaireau ou de miel). Il ya une importante population d'ours paresseux (Melursus ursinus) qui adaptent leur régime alimentaire avec le changement de nourriture en fonction de la saison: le jamun, mangue, tendu et banian Durin produire des fruits de l'été, alors que l'hiver a seulement quelques espèces comme le nombre que porter ses fruits. Sloth portent souvent creuser pour les insectes et les termites. Les gros trous sur les routes forestières dans Ranthambhore sont une indication que les ours sont autour. Ours lippu courte vue et ont une mauvaise audition capacités. Comment les pauvres, une fois que j'ai eu l'occasion d'observer par moi-même. Sur un matin en Février 1990, j'ai vu un grand mâle paresse porter à proximité du lac Rajbagh, vers Milak Talao. Il était sur le point de traverser la route forestière probablement quand il a vu ma gitane. Au lieu de traverser la route, il a commencé lentement le long de brassage il. J'ai suivi la route de ma gitane, en maintenant le même rythme. Lorsque nous avons parcouru environ 500 m environ, j'ai vu un plein développement tigresse séance certains 30-40 m à venir. Voir l'ours à venir vers elle, la tigresse growled lentement. L'ours, je pourrais faire remarquer, ni vu ni la tigresse entendu son growls. Le augmenté tigresse, toussa violemment, puis se sont précipités vers la porte. Pendant un instant, il est apparu qu'il était sur le point d'attaquer l'ours. Pris par surprise, l'ours s'est levé dressé sur ses pattes arrière, a ouvert sa bouche et avant-pattes large, et chargé à la tigresse. Une bataille entre les deux semblait inévitable, mais la tigresse a choisi de se retirer en hâte, sauter latéralement et couvrant une distance de 15-20 mètres avant de regarder en arrière. Dès que l'ours a vu la tigresse arrêt, il facturé à nouveau. La tigresse, cette fois, a disparu. Les lacs de Ranthambhore fournir un tout autre éco-système. Un grand nombre de cbital, Sambar et les sangliers sont attirés par la disponibilité de la nourriture en abondance ici. Alors que cbital brouter l'herbe sur les germes que le recul le long de l'eau dans le lac lits, Sambar et sauvages attirés par la succulente eau de végétation, entre les lacs. Vastes territoires dans ces proie à haute densité sont occupés par les plus tigre mâle dominant. Deux ou trois tigresses occuper petits et s'excluent mutuellement sous-territoires au sein de ce territoire masculin. Ces lacs, donc, servir de Natal principaux domaines, avec plus d'élevage qui se tient ici. J'ai eu de nombreuses occasions d'observer la nature mise en scène dramatique de ces événements, près de lacs, mais dont l'affichage spectaculaire de tact, de la vitesse et la force prévue par un résident tigresse, en présence du Premier ministre Rajiv Gandhi se distingue. Il s'agit d'un froid matin en Décembre 1985, et j'ai été à Jogi Mahal Maison de Repos de la forêt où Rajiv Gandhi a été sur un court de vacances. Nous parlions de la journée lors de la brusque mais continue Kbawn! Kbawn / appels d'alarme de langurs, rejoints par la brusque métallique Pow appels de la Sambar, a annoncé la circulation d'un prédateur dans notre proximité. Shri Gandhi, et j'ai eu d'autres dans une jeep et ouvert la voie Amarai pour localiser le prédateur. Nous avons eu à peine couvert 300 m, nous avons vu avant midi, un résident tigresse dans le parc, en marchant avec élégance le long de la route forestière. La tigresse a pris son nom en raison de son étrange habitude de se déplacer autour des lacs à midi. Nous avons commencé à la suivre, le maintien d'une distance respectable entre la tigresse et de la jeep. Bien que conscients de notre jeep, la tigresse a été indifférent et suivi son propre, votre rythme. Sur parvenir à un nullab qui apporte dans le débordement de Rajbagh lac de Padam Talao, elle a cessé pour un instant, regardait autour, et puis à gauche la route pour entrer dans le lit sec nullab. Les appels d'alarme et arrêté paix revenue de la forêt. Nous avons gardé d'attente dans notre jeep. Après un certain temps, de midi à nouveau commencé à progresser sur la voie de Rajbagh lac. Il est évident que elle avait faim et à la recherche de nourriture. Anticiper les mouvements de midi, nous avons atteint Rajbagh lac devant elle et attend son arrivée. Environ une douzaine de Sambar, la moitié immergé dans l'eau, ont été occupés sur l'alimentation sous la végétation. Assez tôt, il était midi et a pris trop de couvrir dans le haut, l'herbe jaune. Nous avons prévu qu'elle Sambar la tige de cette couverture et faire un tuer dans l'eau. Elle avait appris l'art de la chasse dans l'eau à partir d'un mâle dominant tigre nommé Gengish qui avaient occupé le territoire avant le présent a pris plus de sexe masculin. Au lieu de cela, de midi est sorti de la couverture et a présenté une cinglante vue de l'Sambar. Je pensais qu'elle avait probablement renoncé à l'idée de faire un kill. L'apparition soudaine de la tigresse sur scène le tohu-bohu créé tout autour. Le Sambar a pris de panique et aigu appels d'alarme. Nous avons été si près de la tigresse, on pouvait voir ses expressions faciales. Midi choisi sa proie et avec les yeux bien fixés sur elle, elle a chargé le Sambar à la vitesse de l'éclair. Le Sambar boulonnés dans des directions différentes. Les éclaboussures d'eau suivie d'un nuage de poussière soulevés par la stampede notre vision brouillée temporaire. Le Sambar et la tigresse, tous disparu de la vue. Il semble comme si la tentative de chasse a échoué parce que de la "mauvaise stratégie" adoptée par la tigresse. Le déplacement d'un peu plus loin, nous avons été surpris de voir la tenue d'une tigresse adulte de sexe féminin Sambar par son cou. Elle était en fait assis sur le Sambar. Par ailleurs, d'autres visiteurs se sont joints à nous dans leurs jeeps. Nous avons maintenant une foule de six jeeps plein de gens, à regarder la tigresse et en cliquant sur la caméra volets. La tigresse a décidé de tuer son passage à la sécurité de l'herbe haute kbus avant de commencer son repas. Soyez dans le Sambar par son cou, elle a glissé entre ses jambes, de repos deux fois sur la voie parce que le Sambar est lourd ou elle a été épuisé. Plus tard, j'ai mesuré la distance et a constaté que la ligne droite d'où a midi à la charge du point où elle a pris la Sambar a été d'environ 150 m. Normalement, un tigre fait baisser sa proie en seulement un ou deux sauts, et elle échoue, il abandonne l'attaque. Un tigre ne se construit pas à chasser sa proie. Il est clair, à midi a été l'exposition de comportement prédateur ne sont généralement pas associés à des tigres. Les lacs de soutenir une variété de poissons, tortues et une importante population d'agresseur ou de crocodiles d'eau douce (crocodillis palustris). Les scientifiques pensent que ces reptiles évolué quelque 250 millions d'années et ont survécu grandes modifications de l'environnement qui réduit à néant un certain nombre d'espèces comme les dinosaures. Le crocodile du sens sont très développés à l'aide de sa survie. Ses élèves sont verticales et ouvert dans l'obscurité pour permettre à plus de lumière. Underwater vision est fournie par un extra, transparent paupière. Ses narines et les yeux sont situés sur le dessus du museau à faciliter une bonne vue et confortable respiration en position allongée dans l'eau. Il a des volets de fermer ses narines et ses oreilles même, une adaptation visant à sa vie sous-marine. Ses dents continuent d'être remplacé constamment tout au long de sa vie. Peut-être le plus intéressant est que leur sexe est déterminé au cours des premiers stades de développement dans les oeufs, par la température! dans les laboratoires biologiques, le rapport des hommes et des femmes ne peut être décidée par le tournant de la manette du thermostat.

Janmashtami

2008-08-25T10:35:00.000-07:00

Hare Krishna!

2008-08-25T10:26:00.000-07:00

Krishna Janmashtami, also known as "Krishnashtami","Saatam Aatham" ,"Gokulashtami", "Ashtami Rohini", "Srikrishna Jayanti", "Sree Jayanthi" or sometimes merely as "Janmashtami", is a Hindu festival celebrating the birth of Krishna, svayam bhagavan.Krishna is the Supreme Person, the Godhead. Krishna is the speaker of the Bhagavad-gita, which is recognized throughout the world as one of mankind’s greatest books of wisdom. In the Gita, as it is also known, Krishna says repeatedly that He is God Himself, the source of everything. Arjuna, to whom Krishna is speaking, accepts Krishna’s words as true, adding that the greatest spiritual authorities of that time also confirm that Krishna is God.
is the appearance anniversary of Krishna. For devotees of Krishna worldwide, this is the biggest event of the year. Why? Based on a clear understanding of the wisdom literature of the Vedas, Krishna devotees know the Supreme Absolute Truth, the ultimate source of all energies, to be a person. That person has as many names as there are cultures in the face of the Earth. The primary name connected to that primary person, however, according to Vedic teachings, is “Krishna”–the “all-attractive” Supreme Being. And He appears on Earth.
This year (according to the lunar calendar), Krishna’s appearance, or Janmastami (literally: “janma”– birth, “astami”–the eighth day after the full moon) is calculated to be August 24th.
Those curious to know more about the Personality of Krishna and His mysterious appearance may wish to take a look at our super-condensed online biography of Krishna. There’s a lot to be said about Him.
This year, we wanted to do something different to celebrate Krishna Janmastami 2008 at Krishna.com. We’ve designed a new home page especially for the event. We have new articles, a brand-new Kids’ page, a 25% off storewide sale at the Store, live streaming video of this year’s Janmastami celebrations, webcams photographing the momentous festivities–as they happen–at eighteen different temples all over the world.

Please make yourself comfortable, take some time and make yourself acquainted with all Krishna.com has to offer to commemorate this very special, once-in-a-year event.
Thanks for visiting, and Happy Janmastami!

India is Great

2008-08-25T10:16:00.000-07:00

In a country as diverse and complex as India, it is not surprising to find that people here reflect the rich glories of the past, the culture, traditions and values relative to geographic locations and the numerous distinctive manners, habits and food that will always remain truly Indian. According to five thousand years of recorded history, India has been invaded by armies, traders and immigrants who brought with them their own habits, faiths, practices and observances which have all contributed to the rich texture of Indian life and living.

From the eternal snows of the Himalayas to the cultivated peninsula of far South, from the deserts of the West to the humid deltas of the East, from the dry heat and cold of the Central Plateau to the cool forest foothills, Indian lifestyles clearly glorify the geography. The food, clothing and habits of an Indian differ in accordance to the place of origin.

Deep-rooted family values continue to exist in Indian families. The surname of an Indian is based on his caste or place of origin or his family occupation. Men are still considered the head of a family and are consulted for all decisions though they no longer continue to be the single breadwinner. A wife will always serve her husband before she eats. Parents are looked upon with respect and regard. Children are financially supported by their parents throughout their education.

Indians believe in sharing happiness and sorrow. A festival or a celebration is never constrained to a family or a home. The whole community or neighborhood is involved in bringing liveliness to an occasion. A lot of festivals like Diwali, Holi, Id, Christmas, Mahaveer Jayanthi are all celebrated by sharing sweets and pleasantries with family, neighbours and friends. An Indian wedding is an occasion that calls for participation of the family and friends.Similarly, neighbours and friends always help out a family in times of need.

Though ethnically Indians speak different languages, follow different religions, eat the most diverse varieties of food, there is still a richness in Indian arts and culture which is unparalleled anywhere else in the world. The beauty of the Indian people lies in the spirit of tolerance, give-and-take and a composition of cultures that can be compared to a garden of flowers of various colors and shades of which, while maintaining their own entity, lend harmony and beauty to the garden - India!

India and Her Neighbours

The Indian subcontinent stands distinct from the rest of Asia. It is the most natural geographic unit that has developed a very distinctive culture. The countries of the Indian subcontinent are part of one of the most ancient living civilizations, where all religions, faiths, ideologies of the world live together. India borders with Pakistan in the northwest, Tibet autonomous region of China and Nepal in the north, Bhutan in the northeast, Bangladesh and Burma in the east, and Sri Lanka and Maldives in the south.

TheSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation or SAARC was established with an idea of bringing about regional cooperation in South Asia. Consultations among the governments of seven South Asian countries - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and subsequent meeting among the Foreign Ministers in New Delhi saw a formal launch of SAARC in 1983. It is now the largest Geo-economic bloc of the world with 1.2 billion people. SAARC aims at promoting peace, stability, amity and progress among the member nations. It recognizes the need for increased cooperation, contact and exchanges among the member nations that will contribute to the promotion of friendship, understanding and harmony among its peoples.
The objectives of the association are:
To promote the welfare of the peoples of SOUTH ASIA and to improve their quality of life
To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potentials
To promote and strengthen collective self reliance among the countries of SOUTH ASIA
To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems
To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields
To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries
To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests
To cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes

Jute Bags

2008-08-25T10:07:00.000-07:00

Jute Bags Our eco-friendly and appealing collection of Jute Bags is designed in a variety of styles, shapes and sizes, in order make them functional for different purposes. These are sequined, beaded, embroidered or embellished with mirror work, to befit the demands of our clients.
Our Jute Bags can also be used by business organizations for logo enhancement and promotional campaigns. Distinct styles can be developed in our Jute Bags, viz. jute shoulder bags, beach bags, shopping bags, sling bags, hessian cloth bags, sacking bag, wine bottle bags, promotional bags and many more. The popularity of our Jute Bags can well be envisioned in their biodegradable nature.

Jute Rugs

Jute Yarn

Wall Hangings

Jute Mattings

Jute Nets

Slippers

Jute Webbing & Tapes.

Laces, Trimmings, Fringes & Cords

South Side - Spicy Meenakshi

2008-07-30T10:20:00.000-07:00

Beautiful Motorbikes Fair

2008-07-30T10:11:00.001-07:00

Namitha - from Jagmohini

2008-07-30T10:01:00.000-07:00

Famous Personalities of India

2008-06-29T23:16:00.000-07:00

Lakshmi Mittal
Chairman and CEO of Mittal Steel
Steel Tycoon Lakshmi Mittal, the 57 year old non resident Indian living in Kensington, London, is the fourth richest person in the world, with a personal fortune of US$45.0 billion according to Forbes magazine. The Financial Times named Lakshmi Mittal its 2006 Person of the Year. This London-based Indian billionaire industrialist, was named one of the "100 most influential people" by Time magazine in May 2007. He was also listed as the richest person in Britain in the Sunday Times Rich list 2005. Since 2005, Mittal has been the richest person residing in the United Kingdom, the richest person in Asia and the 4th richest person on the planet. He is the President of the Board of Directors and CEO of Arcelor Mittal, the world's largest producer of steel. Arcelor Mittal is the combination of the world’s number one and number two steel companies, Arcelor and Mittal Steel.
Lakshmi Narayan Mittal alias Lakshmi Niwas Mittal was born on June 15th, 1950, in Sadulpur, a village which didn't have electricity until 1960's, in Rajasthan, India. His family moved to Calcutta in West Bengal, where he studied accounting and business at the prestigious St. Xavier’s College. His father Mohan Lal Mittal had set up a small steel mill in Calcutta. After class, Mittal used to work in his father's company.
After finishing his Bachelor of Commerce degree in business and accounting with first class, Mittal began his career in his father's steel firm in the early seventies. Realizing the fact that opportunities in India are limited for him, Mittal moved to Indonesia in 1976 and with his father's backing founded a steel plant, Ispat Indo and made the company a success. There began a saga of triumphs for the shrewd businessman.
His success has largely been built on buying up loss-making state-owned mills and quickly turning them around. He had one of his most notable successes in the late 1989, when he turned around a loss-making government-founded steel firm in Trinidad and Tobago which was losing $1 million a day. Within a year, Mittal had doubled the output and made the business profitable where US consultants and German experts failed to find a solution.
In 1992, he went to Mexico and bought the country's third largest steel producer, Sicartsa for $220 million. This was followed by an acquisition of Siderurgica del Balsas SA at Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico and then more companies in Canada, Germany, Ireland etc. Mittal followed the same strategy in former Soviet republic of Kazakhstan, and took over the state-owned blast furnace steel plant in 1995, renaming it Ispat Karmet. It was a risky proposition even by Mittal’s standards, workers had not been paid for six months. But within a year it was profitable and production has doubled from 120,000 tons a month to 250,000. In 1995, two new companies Ispat International Ltd. and Ispat Shipping were formed to provide technical and commercial services to the Group and to meet its growing shipping needs. The same year, he entered into Europe by acquiring a steel plant in Hamburg, Germany. With this, the capacity of the group reached to 11.2 million tonnes.
Meanwhile in 1994, a partition in the family business group, transferred all the foreign business into Ispat International, under the control of Lakshmi Mittal. The Indian operations remained with his younger brothers P K Mittal and V K Mittal. In 1997, Ispat International, the company that controlled the Group’s steel making operations in Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada and Germany went for listing in 1997 on the New York and Amsterdam stock exchanges. The Ispat group went on making major acquisitions.
In 2004, Mittal Steel was formed through the merger of Ispat International and LNM Holdings, at the same time Ispat International merged with International Steel Group Inc. (ISG) an Ohio based company, becoming the world's most global steel producer with a net worth of over $22 billion. Mittal's industrial empire has steel making facilities in 14 countries and stretches from Indonesia to Poland, via Mexico, US, South Africa and Trinidad, North America, Africa, Asia and many European countries. In 2006, after six months of negotiations and major oppositions Mittal steel took over European steel giant Arselor SA for 26 billion euros ($33 billion), becoming the world's largest 100 million tonne steel entity. The merged entity would be called Arcelor Mittal with the Mittal family owning 43.6 percent of the combined group.
Mittal has received accolades for his achievements. In 1996, he was awarded the title 'Steel maker of the Year' by New Steel Magazine in the USA, and he received the Eighth Honorary Willy Korf Steel Vision Award, the highest recognition for world wide achievement in the steel industry in June 1998. The award was presented by the American Metal Market, a specialised publication, and Paine Weber’s World Steel Dynamics in New York., for outstanding vision, entrepreneurship, leadership and success in global steel development, from the American Metal Market and Paine Weber’s World Steel Dynamics. In 2004, he was awarded the 'European Business man of the year' by Fortune Magazine.
Although steel manufacturing remains the group’s mainstream business, they have diversified into shipping and has ventured into coal, power and oil enterprises in Kazakhstan.
Mittal is an active philanthropist and a member of various trusts. The LNM Group Foundation was created in 1998 to support health and education needs of the poor, particularly in India. He resides in a palatial home known as Summer Palace, in London that he bought in 2003 for a residential record of $129 million. On the rare occasions when he is at home, Mittal keeps a disciplined schedule, doing yoga for an hour every day and trying to catch a swim in his indoor pool. His wife Usha runs the Indonesian business and his son Aditya and daughter Vanisha are members of the Board of Directors of Mittal Steel.
The business empire has also been in the news for showering money on his two children. His daughter Vanisha's wedding to Delhi-born investment banker Amit Bhatia in 2004 June is reputed to have cost more than $55-million, with five days of events at some of France's most famous settings, including the 17th century Vaux le Vicomte chateau. For the wedding of his son Aditya in 1998, the Mittal family celebrated at Calcutta's Victoria Memorial, home to mementos of Britain's rule over India.

Festivals in India

2008-06-24T00:07:00.000-07:00

India, the land of festivals and fairs. It is a land of festivity - religious as well as folkloristic. Whether you go to the East or the West, North or the South you would be able to enjoy every month a festival or a fair. Every day of the year there is a festival celebrated in some part of the country. Be it cultural or religious, it gives everyone an opportunity to enjoy and join the festivity. More... http://www.pagesofindia.com

RAJASTHAN EXCLUSIVE - WITH PUSHKAR-FROM DELHI TO DELHI

2008-06-23T04:22:00.000-07:00

RAJASTHAN EXCLUSIVE - WITH PUSHKAR

FROM DELHI TO DELHI

Rajasthan land of
camels, dunes and much more. Rajasthan Exclusive
brings you an opportunity to experience the wide
spectrum of cultures and traditions that Rajasthan
holds in its bosom.

The package has been designed in a manner, so that
the cultural and religious diversity of Rajasthan
comes to its full bloom.

Duration

16 Nights /
17 Days

Places
Covered

Delhi-Fatehpur-Bikaner-Jaisalmer-Jodhpur-Ranakpur-Udaipur-Kota-Pushkar-Jaipur-Bharatpur-Agra-Delhi

Package Rate

Minimum Two persons (Tariff in Rs.)
Per Person	Extra Person	Supplementary
		AC Car	AC Room
24500	5200	6500	6500

Tariff includes:
(1) Stay in Non ac room on twin
sharing basis with breakfast in RTDc
Hotels (2) All transfers and tours by a
Non Air-conditioned chauffeur driven
small car, driver’s allowance, fuel
cost, toll/parking at monuments and
Service Tax.

Tariff does not include:
Air/train/bus fare, meals, monument
/guide/camera fees and expenses of
personal nature.

*Tour From Delhi The above package
rates are not valid during Deepawali
period: Oct. 25 to 1 Nov. (08 Nights) at
Mt. Abu: X-Mas/New Year: 24 Dec. till 31
Dec. 08 (08 Nights) at Jaisalmer, Sawai
Madhopur, Sariska, Siliserh and
Bharatpur. Desert Festival, Jaisalmer:
07 Feb. to 09 Feb. 09 (03 Nights). There
will be supplement cost for these
places.

Package includes

Transport

NAC Car

Accommodation

NAC room on
twin sharing

Catering

Break fast

Sight seeing

As per tour
itinerary in each city

Package does not include

Air/train
fare, meals, monument /guide/camera fees and
expenses of personal nature

Proposed hotels

Delhi

Rajasthan
Guest House

Fatehpur

RTDC Haveli

Bikaner

RTDC Dhola
Maru

Jaisalmer

RTDC Moomal

Jodhpur

RTDC Ghoomar

Ranakpur

RTDC Shilpi

Udaipur

RTDC Kajri

Kota

RTDC Chambal

Pushkar

RTDC Sarover
or During fair in Hut

Jaipur

RTDC Gangaur

Bharatpur

RTDC Saras

Agra

UPTDC or
similar

DETAILED ITINERARY

Frame Paintings

2008-05-19T22:47:00.000-07:00

The magic of Indian craftsmanship is perfectly revealed in the beautiful paintings that serve as wonderful pieces of art. The painted colors bring out the fine details for realistic looks. The frames of paintings enhance their life capturing the maximum possible beauty of art. Frames are often made to enclose the paintings.

Paintings are placed in frames to set them off from their surroundings, to honor or decorate them, and to protect them from harm. Often custom frames are hand-painted by the artist to complement the painting itself. This is absolutely the best way exhibiting the paintings, as the artist creates the frames individually to match the colors and motifs of the image. Each frame is an original work of art in itself. Many works of art have been reframed and thus, old paintings are often found to be no longer in their original frames.

Moldings for picture frames are mitered so that their corners are right angles. The designing of frames depends upon: The painting, if signifies certain period, style, region, or evokes one, the types of frames in use at that time or in that place.

Paintings can be classified as: » Mughal Paintings» Animal Paintings» Bird Paintings» Village Paintings» Indian Epic Paintings» Religious Paintings

source:

http://handicraft.indiamart.com/products/paintings/frame-paintings.html

Wholesale 925 silver sterling silver jewelry

2008-05-19T22:42:00.000-07:00

We welcome you at www.dwarkajewel.com one of the leading manufacturer of 925 Sterling Wholesale Silver Jewelry from Jaipur. Products include silver pendants, 925 sterling silver rings, 925 silver earrings, 925 silver bracelets, bangles, chains, findings at wholesale prices. Exclusive Gold Jewelry collection studded with Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald and semi precious stones like Aquamarine, Blue Topaz, Garnet, Amethyst, Blackstar, Citrine, Iolite, Chrysocola & Turquoise and many other.

Watch New Designs and collections in Gold and Silver at Dwarka Jewel. The Unparalleled collection of jewelry from Dwarka Jewel, inspired from different themes and moments. The collection is amongst the most admired across the world and is being exported to different countries. Our customers include: importers of silver jewelry in USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Germany, Holland, Turkey, Indonesia, Japan, Italy, Korea, Spain, Austria, Brazil, Finland, Mexico, Singapore, Switzerland, Israel and more...

Our fine craftsmanship and the original expressions is truly represented by the magnificence and the brilliance of every piece that Dwarka Jewel manufactures. Our Online Catalogue - Wholesale Silver Jewelry, Sterling Silver Jewelry, Gold and Diamond Jewelry.

We have got specialization in making 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry, 925 sterling silver necklace and chains, 925 sterling silver handmade jewelry, 925 sterling silver jewelry antique pendant,925 sterling silver charm jewelry, Indian antique silver jewelry, 925 indian silver gold jewelry, 925 silver studded jewelry jaipur, wholesale quality style silver jewelry.

We are also the manufacturer, exporter and wholesaler of custom gem stone bead, wholesale gem stone bead jewelry, gem stone bead necklace, gem sotne bead ring, indian silver gemstone bead jewelry.

Dwarkajewel.com has the striking collection and online website wholesale silver and gold jewellery store of highly quality 18 karat jaipur gold jewelry jaipur matt gold jewellery, wholesale silver and gold bracelet, gold pendent, gold ring, Jaiur gold necklace, matt gold jewellery studded with diamonds, jaipur 22 carat gold jewellery.

Our porfolio can be briefly summarized as 925 Wholesale Silver jewelry, Sterling Silver, Custom 925 Silver Jewelry manufacturers, wholesalers. We make 14K Gold, 18K Gold Jewelry, Our Jewelry is of wide range comprising of Silver Earrings, Necklaces, Pendants,Bracelets,Silver Charms, Wholesale Gold Jewelry, Designer Jewelry. Sitemap. We also have wholesale Gemstones, Beads, Gemstone beads. We are Wholesale Silver Jewelry Manufacturer, exporter from Jaipur, India.

This website is specially for those who are Wholesale Importers and Bulk Buyers of Commercial and High quality Sterling Silver Jewelry.
You can find whole range of gemstone beads in this website.. The beads available are of different shapes, sizes and stones. http://www.dwarkajewel.com

About Jainism

2008-05-19T22:37:00.000-07:00

Jainism (pronounced in English as /, traditionally known as Jain Dharma ,is a classical religion with its origins in the prehistory of India. The Jains, although a small minority in India now, have continued to sustain the shraman tradition. Jainism is significantly influential in both the ethical and economic spheres in India. Jainism places great stress on compassion to all living beings. Self-control (vrata in Sanskrit) forms a central part of being a Jain.

Pepsi Ad Dhoni in Rajnikanth Style

2008-05-17T03:16:00.000-07:00

Records Held by Sachin Tendulkar

2008-05-15T10:11:00.000-07:00

Records Held by Sachin Tendulkar

1. Highest Run scorer in the ODI

2. Most number of hundreds in the ODI 41

3. Most number of nineties in the ODI

4. Most number of man of the matches(56) in the ODI's

5. Most number of man of the series(14) in ODI's

6. Best average for man of the matches in ODI's

7. First Cricketer to pass 10000 run in the ODI

8. First Cricketer to pass 15000 run in the ODI

9. He is the highest run scorer in the world cup (1,796 at an average of
59.87 as on 20 March 2007)

10. Most number of the man of the matches in the world cup

11. Most number of runs 1996 world cup 523 runs in the 1996 Cricket World
Cup at an average of 87.16

12. Most number of runs in the 2003 world cup 673 runs in 2003 Cricket
World Cup, highest by any player in a single Cricket World Cup

13. He was Player of the World Cup Tournament in the 2003 Cricket World
Cup.

14. Most number of Fifties in ODI's 87

15. Appeared in Most Number of ODI's 407

16. He is the only player to be in top 10 ICC ranking for 10 years.

17. Most number of 100's in test's 39

18. He is one of the three batsmen to surpass 11,000 runs in Test
cricket, and the first Indian to do so

19. He is thus far the only cricketer to receive the Rajiv Gandhi Khel
Ratna, India's highest sporting honor

20. In 2003, Wisden rated Tendulkar as d No. 1 and Richards at No. 2 in
all time Greatest ODI player

21. In 2002, Wisden rated him as the second greatest Test batsman after
Sir Donald Bradman.

22. he was involved in unbroken 664-run partnership in a Harris Shield
game in 1988 with friend and team mate Vinod Kambli,

23. Tendulkar is the only player to score a century in all three of his
Ranji Trophy, Duleep Trophy and Irani Trophy debuts

24. In 1992, at the age of 19, Tendulkar became the first overseas born
player to represent Yorkshire

25. Tendulkar has been granted the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award
, Padma Shri and
Padma Vibhusan by Indian government. He
is the only Indian cricketer to get all of
them.

26. Tendulkar has scored over 1000 runs in a calendar year in ODI's 7
times

27. Tendulkar has scored 1894 runs in calendar year in ODI's most by any
batsman

28. He is the highest earning cricketer in the world

29. He has the least percentage of the man of the matches awards won when
team looses a match. Out of his 56 man of the match awards

only 5
times India has lost.

30. Tendulkar most number man of match awards(10) against Australia

31. In August of 2003, Sachin Tendulkar was voted as the "Greatest
Sportsman" of the country in the sport personalities category in the

Best of India
poll conducted by Zee News.

32. In November 2006, Time magazine named Tendulkar as one of the Asian
Heroes.

33. In December 2006, he was named "Sports person of the Year

34. The current India Poised campaign run by The Times of India has
nominated him as the Face of New India next to the likes of Amartya

Sen and
Mahatma Gandhi among others.

35. Tendulkar was the first batsman in history to score over 50 centuries
in international cricket

36. Tendulkar was the first batsman in history to score over 75 centuries
in international cricket:79 centuries

37. Has the most overall runs in cricket, (ODIs+Tests+Twenty20s), as of
30 June 2007 he had accumulated almost 26,000 runs overall.

38. Is second on the most number of runs in test cricket just after Brian
Lara

39. Sachin Tendulkar with Sourav Ganguly hold the world record for the
maximum number of runs scored by the opening partnership.

They have
put together 6,271 runs in 128 matches

40. The 20 century partnerships for opening pair with Sourav Ganguly is a
world record

41. Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid hold the world record for the
highest partnership in ODI matches when they scored 331 runs

against
New Zealand in 1999

42. Sachin Tendulkar has been involved in six 200 run partnerships in ODI
matches - a record that he shares with Sourav Ganguly and

Rahul
Dravid

43. Most Centuries in a calendar year: 9 ODI centuries in 1998

44. Only player to have over 100 innings of 50+ runs (41 Centuries and 87
Fifties)(as of 18th Nov, 2007)

45. the only player ever to cross the 13,000-14,000 and 15,000 run marks
IN ODI.

46. Highest individual score among Indian batsmen (186* against New
Zealand at Hyderabad in 1999).

47. The score of 186* is listed the fifth highest score recorded in ODI
matches

48. Tendulkar has scored over 1000 ODI runs against all major Cricketing
nations.

49. Sachin was the fastest to reach 10,000 runs taking 259 innings and
has the highest batting average among batsmen with over 10,000

ODI runs

50. Most number of Stadium Appearances: 90 different Grounds

51. Consecutive ODI Appearances: 185

52. On his debut, Sachin Tendulkar was the second youngest debutant in
the world

53. When Tendulkar scored his maiden century in 1990, he was the second
youngest to score a century

54. Tendulkar's record of five test centuries before he turned 20 is a
current world record

55. Tendulkar holds the current record (217 against NZ in 1999/00 Season)
for the highest score in Test cricket by an Indian when

captaining
the side

56. Tendulkar has scored centuries against all test playing nations.[7]
He was the third batman to achieve the distinction after Steve

Waugh and
Gary Kirsten

57. Tendulkar has 4 seasons in test cricket with 1000 or more runs - 2002
(1392 runs), 1999 (1088 runs), 2001 (1003 runs) and 1997 (1000

runs).[6]
Gavaskar is the only other Indian with four seasons of
1000+ runs

58. He is second most number of seasons with over 1000 runs in world.

59. On 3 January 2007 Sachin Tendulkar (5751) edged past Brian Lara's
(5736) world record of runs scored in Tests away from home

60. Tendulkar and Brian Lara are the fastest to score 10,000 runs in Test
cricket history. Both of them achieved this in 195 innings

61. Second Indian after Sunil Gavaskar to make over 10,000 runs in Test
matches

62. Became the first Indian to surpass the 11,000 Test run mark and the
third International player behind Allan Border and Brian Lara.

63. Tendulkar is fourth on the list of players with most Test caps. Steve
Waugh (168 Tests), Allan Border (158 Tests), Shane Warne (145

Tests)
have appeared in more games than Tendulkar

64. Tendulkar has played the most number of Test Matches(144) for India (Kapil
Dev is second with 131 Test appearances).

65. First to 25,000 international runs

66. Tendulkar's 25,016 runs in international cricket include 14,537 runs
in ODI's, 10,469 Tests runs and 10 runs in the lone Twenty20 that

India has
played.

67. On December 10, 2005, Tendulkar made his 35th century in Tests at
Delhi against Sri Lanka. He surpassed Sunil Gavaskar's record of 34

centuries to become the man
with the most number of hundreds in Test cricket.

68. Tendulkar is the only player who has 150 wkts and more than 15000
runs in ODI

69. Tendulkar is the only player who has 40 wkts and more than 11000 runs
in Tests

70. Only batsman to have 100 hundreds in the first class cricket

OLD Hindi Song

2008-05-07T09:53:00.000-07:00

Baboon Vs Crocodile. Baboons Destroy Crocodiles,Baboons wins

2008-05-07T09:48:00.000-07:00

Deepika Padukone Photo Gallery

2008-05-07T09:32:00.000-07:00

gallery others

Bollywood Star Ayesha Takia

2008-05-06T01:17:00.000-07:00

Film Showtimes

2008-05-05T02:00:00.000-07:00

Film Showtimes - Google Search

Constitution of India

2008-05-02T23:55:00.000-07:00

India, also known as Bharat, is a Union of States. It is a Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 and came into force on 26th January 1950.
The Constitution provides for a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with certain unitary features. The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union is the President. As per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as its head to aid and advise the President, who shall exercise his functions in accordance to the advice. The real executive power is thus vested in the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as its head.
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the House of the People (Lok Sabha). Every State has a Legislative Assembly. Certain States have an upper House also called State Legislative Council. There is a Governor for each state who is appointed by the President. Governor is the Head of the State and the executive power of the State is vested in him. The Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head advises the Governor in the discharge of the executive functions. The Council of the Ministers of a state is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.
The Constitution distributes legislative powers between Parliament and State legislatures as per the lists of entries in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The residuary powers vest in the Parliament. The centrally administered territories are called Union Territories. http://www.india.gov.in/govt/constitutions_india.php

Bharat Ratna Award

2008-05-02T23:52:00.000-07:00

India has produced a legacy of brave hearts since times immemorial. Probably there is not enough space to measure their sacrifices. However, we cannot close our eyes to those people who have made our country proud by excelling in their own fields and bringing us international recognition. Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian honour, given for exceptional service towards advancement of Art, Literature and Science, and in recognition of Public Service of the highest order.
The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal, 35 mm in diameter, with the sun and the Hindi legend "Bharat Ratna" above and a floral wreath below. The reverse was to carry the state emblem and motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a white ribbon. This design was altered after a year.

The provision of Bharat Ratna was introduced in 1954. The first ever Indian to receive this award was the famous scientist, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. Since then, many dignitaries, each a whiz in varied aspects of their career has received this coveted award. In fact, our former President, Shri A. P. J Abdul Kalam is also a recipient of this esteemed honour (1997). There is no written provision that Bharat Ratna should be awarded to Indian citizens only. The award has been awarded to a naturalized Indian citizen, Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, better known as Mother Teresa (1980) and to two non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela (1990). It is also not mandatory that Bharat Ratna be awarded every year. The last time this award was given was in 2001, to Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar and Ustad Bismillah Khan.

http://www.india.gov.in/myindia/bharatratna_awards.php

Tenders in india

2008-05-02T23:48:00.000-07:00

S. no	Title	Department Name	Tender Id No.	Expires On
1	Studs and fasteners of hull glands of INS Sindhuraj (PPPL/0368/B/16)	Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam	andp134679	23-May-2008

2	LONG RADIUS BENDS OF VARIOUS SIZES (DFD8862P09/07)	Oil India Limited	assa134661	4-June-2008

3	GAS ENGINE DRIVEN FORMATION (DFD8749P09/07)	Oil India Limited	assa134663	11-June-2008

4	ROTARY DRILLING SWIVEL (DFD8750P09/07)	Oil India Limited	assa134665	11-June-2008

5	Repair of lining and structure of Bhainswal Disty. from RD. 0 -76325 (tenders/GNA/090508)	Haryana Irrigation Department	har134720	9-May-2008

6	Notice for Pre-qualification (PQ-01-08)	National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC)	jhar134687	14-May-2008

7	Prequalification for Construction of OHT (PQ-02-08)	National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC)	jhar134689	14-May-2008

8	Appointment of Consultants for the Project Study on Installation of Fire Fighting Systems at SCB, NCB, STB and NTB of Cochin Port Trust (D3/T-14/FF-Cons/07(Retender)-M)	Cochin Port Trust	ker134662	3-June-2008

9	Civil works at Pathakhera Area (pk50-civ-s001-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134688	12-May-2008

10	Repair/maintenance of change over quarters type qtrs. at Shobhapur township of Pathakhera Area. (pk50-civ-s02-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134690	12-May-2008

11	Hiring of 01 No. Diesel light vehicletaxi permit not older than 2 years of age on the date of opening tender with hard top (pk50-enm-q03-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134691	12-May-2008

12	Construction of Sectionalisation Stoppings (RCC) at various sites in I (B plus C) Seam of Mathani UG Mine of Pench Area. (peao-min-010-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134692	29-May-2008

13	Civil works at Thesgora Sub Area of Pench Area (peth-civ-q02-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134693	6-May-2008

14	Civil work at Thesgora Sub Area of Pench Area (peth-civ-s02-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134695	6-May-2008

15	Minig work at Umrer Area (umao-min-p04-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134696	3-June-2008

16	Hiring of one (1) No. Tata Sumo/Marshal in Umrer Area on 24 Hrs. basis/day. Ave. running 3000 KM. (per month). (umao-min-s05-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134697	8-May-2008

17	Civil works at Wani North Area (wnao-civ-s04-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134700	5-May-2008

18	Hiring of payloaders for loading of crushed coal into tippers at Wani North Area (wnao-min-p003-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134703	25-May-2008

19	Repairing of haul road and approach road during monsoon 2008 at Dhoptala OC Mine. (baao-civ-s14-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134704	12-May-2008

20	Making Silt arresting arrangement neted cloth (RAKSHAK) and Ballies inside mine at Sasti OC Expansion. (baao-civ-s015-2008-09)	Western Coalfields Limited	maha134705	12-May-2008

Study in India

2008-05-02T23:43:00.000-07:00

For all those who have dreams and aspirations for quality education, India is the perfect destination. With 343 universities and 17000 colleges, India offers a wide spectrum of courses that are recognised globally. Apart from undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral courses, there are many training and diploma-level institutes and polytechnics that cater to the growing demand for skill-based and vocational education.
Studying in India, the second largest higher education network in the World, is an enriching experience in itself. A welcoming atmosphere, non-discriminative approach and an assured educational and career growth is what attracts students from all over the world to India. There are universities focusing on the study of medicine, arts & language, journalism, social work, business, commerce, planning, architecture, engineering, and other specialised studies. Most Indian universities teach in English Medium and conduct special language classes for those weak in English.
The Quality education that India offers is within the reach of every income-group considering the reasonable fee structure. With 66 distance education institutions functioning in 60 universities besides 11 open universities, India has an enlarged outreach of distance education as well. So, visit India and be a part of an educational system that lives on the values of quality, growth and truthfulness.

Mother's Day In India

2008-05-01T02:16:00.000-07:00

Mother's Day Celebration in India are slowly catching!

The concept of celebrating Mothers Day on the second Sunday of May is very new in India and it can be said that in a time span of less than a decade, Mothers Day has been a great success. In the presence of umpteenth number of existing festivals, it is a remarkable achievement for a foreign festival to make its presence felt in the vast and culturally diverse country like India. Globalisation, to a great extent has helped to make this Western, or mainly American festival to make its presence felt in India.
Besides interaction of Indians with the West is at an all time high. A lot many people have been in US or have their relatives staying there. Internet and satellite revolution has made information about other cultures more accessible than ever. But the reason behind the success of Mothers Day in India can be attributed to the emotions which are attached to the festival.

Mothers are mothers everywhere, they are as much loved and respected in India as in any other part of the world. Perhaps Indians have always felt the need of such a day which is devoted solely to mothers. Mothers Day gives them all the opportunity to celebrate such a day.

Time to Reflect and Rejoice
Just as in the West, Indians too take Mothers Day as a time too reflect on the importance of mothers in their life. They take it is time to think about all the pains their mother took while they were sick, the hardships she went through in bringing them up and all the sacrifices she made so that they lead a better life. Mothers Day is the time to say a big thank you to mother for all this and for being a constant guiding force in our lives.In India, people send cards to their mamas on Mothers Day. Make a meal for Mothers so that she can have a days rest from the kitchen. Tradition of giving gifts on Mothers Day is also rampant. The whole idea of celebrating Mothers Day is to thank mother, to make her feel important on the day and be happy about mothering caring children. Mothers should be pampered on the day by children and on the whole should be given a happy Mothers Day.

Celebrations in Metropolitan and Big Cities
Awareness about Mothers Day is much greater in metros and other big and happening cities than in smaller towns. Thanks to the booming card market, who keep reminding people about when is Mothers Day and how it must be celebrated. In the capital city of Delhi, Mothers Day is celebrated in a big way and has been commericalised to a great extent. Big companies launch various women oriented products on the day and restaurants try to lure people with attractive advertisements. Media too creates a big hype about the day with special programmes and features. Looking at the fast pace at which the excitement for Mothers Day is growing it will not be long when the Mothers Day will be noted as the national festival of India.

Train in India - Locomotives — General Information

2008-04-23T23:26:00.000-07:00

Q. What's the ‘tractive effort’ of a locomotive?
The ‘tractive effort’ is a measure of how large a load the loco can pull and set in motion from a standstill — the maximum force it can exert at the drawbar or coupling. While the raw horsepower rating of the loco is important, it is not the whole story. The loco's weight also comes into play, as a heavier loco can pull a larger load without its wheels slipping. Once the wheels begin slipping, the force that can be exerted by the loco drops dramatically. (Slipping occurs more with the front wheels because the front of the loco tends to lift slightly due to the reaction torque exerted by the rails on the loco.) Modern locos tend to have electronic slip control to control the power applied to each axle separately to minimize slip and maximize the tractive effort under different conditions.

Q. What's the method that IR uses to couple together multiple locos? or, What's ‘Locotrol’?
Two to four or so locos can usually be coupled together to operate automatically, without any special provisions, with the crew manning only one of them. (This mode of operation is known as ‘Multiple Unit’ operation, or ‘MU’.)
Using more than about 4 or 5 locos together without some form of automatic control for them is problematic because couplings come under excessive strain and break. A system known as ‘Locotrol’ is used on IR, which couples 3 to 5 locos at the head of a train, and one or two somewhere in the middle of the train, and possibly another two or three at the rear. The locos at the middle and rear of the train are radio-controlled by the crew at the head of the train. This system is used in some places for heavy freight sections. It was introduced with WDM-2's on the Kirandul-Kottavalasa line (near Vishakapatnam) in 1988 by SER. That line is now electrified and multiple WAM or WAG formations are used instead. Locotrol is (or was) also used on the Kulem-Londa section.
With multiple locos lashed up for MU operation, there are MU cables that pass between successive locos, which carry the control signals between the manned loco and the others. WDM-2 locos have a single MU cable, whereas the older WAG and WAM series use three MU cables, which also carry two connections for the tap-changers in the locos. The newer WAP-5 and WAG-9 locos use a single MU cable. The absence of this MU cable indicates manual coupling of locos -- in this case, each loco is manned by crew, and they use horn or hand signals to communicate across the locos. Such non-automatic coupling can also be used for incompatible classes of locos, e.g. to couple a WDM-2 with a WAG loco in rare instances where the required electric loco wasn't available. Even with some of the newer locos, coupling may not be possible for different classes of locos: e.g., a WAG-5 and a WAG-7 cannot be MU'd together and require separate crews for operation.
In some cases the local loco sheds or workshops have carried out experimental modifications to locos to allow multiple unit operation even in cases where the locos were not designed for MU'ing originally. The Moula Ali shed of SCR, for instance, carried out an experiment in the 1990s to MU WDS-4 shunters to allow MU'd pairs of these to shunt long (24-coach) passenger rakes (SCR had an especially high number of 24-coach train services and not enough shunting power to match). Normally a single WDS-4 can only shunt up to about an 18-coach passenger rake. The experiment with MU'd WDS-4 did not work despite a lot of improvization and experimentation by Moula Ali and eventually this was dropped, as old WDM-2's, and even WAM-4 or WAG-5 locos started being retired from mainline operations and becoming available for tasks like shunting.
IR never adopted the practice of designating locos as ‘A’ or ‘B’ units for coupling. All locos could be used as either a master or slave loco in coupled configurations. A few pairs of locos were sometimes kept in fixed-formation (mostly WDM-2 pairs); in such cases, both locos in the pair are usually oriented with their short hoods facing outwards (i.e., so that the short hood leads no matter which direction the locos travel in). (This is not universal practice, however, as lash-ups the other way around have been seen.)

Q. What's the cause of the characteristic jerk or momentary loss of power felt when a WDM–2 accelerates?

The WDM-2 loco, like most diesel-electric locos, has several configurations of its traction motors that are used as the loco accelerates from rest (Series Parallel - Series Parallel Shunt - Parallel - Parallel Shunt, and weak field configurations). There are three important transitions: At 30.8-39km/h 2S-3P Full Field to 2S-3P Weak Field, at 48-55km/h 2S-3P Weak Field to 6P Full Field, and at 88-90km/h 6P Full Field to Weak Field. For the transition at 39km/h (it can actually happen anywhere between 30km/h and 45km/h), the generator's fuel supply is cut and it is momentarily switched off to avoid sparking and strain on the switchgear. This momentary loss of power can usually be felt throughout the entire train, and is very characteristic of this loco. It is much stronger than the jerks or blips in the acceleration felt at the other transitions of the motors. (This is also seen in other similar Alco models; railfans have reported the same distinct jerk in Alco diesels used in Greece, for instance.) The WDP-2 loco has one transition at 55-62km/h although it is not quite as pronounced.

Web Directories

2008-04-06T22:39:00.000-07:00

Concern Department
Public health engineering
Document Title
RTI Manual of Public Health Engineering Department
Document Category
Document URL
http://www.mpphed.org/rtimanual/default.html
Document Languages
Hindi

Concern Department
School education
Document Title
Blue Print & Model Questions/Answers of Class 12th - English (General) (Board of Secondary Education Madhya Pradesh)
Document Category
Document URL
http://mpbse.nic.in/blueprint/class-12/english general.pdf
Document Languages
English

Concern Department
School education
Document Title
Blue Print & Model Questions/Answers of Class 11th - Crop Production & Horticulture (Board of Secondary Education Madhya Pradesh)
Document Category
Document URL
http://mpbse.nic.in/blueprint/class-11/crop-prod-horti.pdf
Document Languages
Hindi

Taxes

2008-04-06T22:29:00.001-07:00

Income Tax, Filing Returns, Wealth Tax!! Do these terms look undecipherable to you? Relax!! This section provides you with useful facts on all forms of direct and indirect taxation applicable in the Country. Surf through it for precise yet comprehensive information on the various heads of taxation supplemented by value adding links and downloadable forms. Targeted at helping the citizen confused with bureaucratic jargon and alien terms, this segment attempts to help you manage your money better!
http://india.gov.in/business/taxation/taxation.php

Education

2008-04-06T22:28:00.001-07:00

Keen on learning and want to know all about educational facilities in India? Well, then this is the section to be in. It gives you comprehensive information on all levels of education, be it primary, secondary, higher or university education, scholarships, loans, literacy schemes and so on. Access a listing of universities or view your exam results online. Explore this section to learn how you can study abroad and more...

Elementary Education Higher Education Scholarships and Awards Latest Results Secondary Education Universities & Institutions Loan/Aid for EducationStudents' CornerAdult Education & Literacy Study AbroadResults on the Net Foreign Languages

The Medical Council of India

2008-04-06T22:24:00.000-07:00

The Medical Council of India was established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1933, now repealed, with the main function of establishing uniform standards of higher qualifications in medicine and recognition of medical qualifications in India and abroad. The number of medical colleges had increased steadily during the years after Independence. It was felt that the provisions of Indian Medical Council Act were not adequate to meet with the challenges posed by the very fast development and the progress of medical education in the country. As a result, in 1956, the old Act was repealed and a new one was enacted. This was further modified in 1964, 1993 and 2001. The objectives of the Council are as follows.

Maintenance of uniform standards of medical education, both undergraduate and postgraduate.
Recommendation for recognition/de-recognition of medical qualifications of medical institutions of India or foreign countries.
Permanent registration/provisional registration of doctors with recognised medical qualifications,
Reciprocity with foreign countries in the matter of mutual recognition of medical qualifications.

Golden Age of India

2008-04-02T05:24:00.000-07:00

Ancient India
The period between the 3rd century and 6th century CE is known as the Golden Age of India because of the large achievements Indians made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, science, religion and philosophy during the Gupta Empire. The decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero, was invented in India during this period. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India. The Golden Age in India came to an end when the Hunas invaded the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE.
Medieval India
South India in the 10th and 11th century CE under the imperial Cholas has been termed as the Golden Age. The period saw extensive achievements in architecture, Tamil literature, sculpture and bronze working, maritime conquests with extensive trade, and quasi-democratic reforms.

Keoladeo Ghana National Park

2008-03-26T03:18:00.000-07:00

This magnificent bird haven in actual came into being paradoxically as a duck shooting preserve for Maharaja Suraj Mull of Bharatpur. He transformed the shallow depression formed by the confluence of River Gambhir and River Banganga into a reservoir by damming the rainwater in monsoons. Flooding of water created shallow wetland ecosystem causing it to be a perfect habitat for an astounding variety of birds.
The park that was a hunting preserve for the Maharaja and the British continued to be so till 1964, after which the hunting was banned. A forestation policy of planting acacias was vigorously followed. However the ecosystem at the Park continues to be fragile due to pressures of tourism and need for water from surrounding villages. However the environmentalists won the day in 1985 when UNESCO listed it as World Heritage site and earlier in 1982 it was declared as National Park. And, today the Park is recognised as the most important breeding and feed grounds for the birds in the world. Some species are still endangered and especially the Siberian crane. Visitors are advised to maintain low noise level and avoid littering the park.
The Park opens from sunrise to sunset around the year. The ticket is Rs 200 per foreign visitor and Rs 25 for Indian visitor. Vehicles are permitted upto Shanti Kutir about 1.7 kilometres inside at Rs 50 per vehicle. After this you can choose to walk, bicycle, or go by cycle rickshaw, Tonga or boat when the water level is high. The cycle rickshaw wallah’s displaying yellow plate meaning authorised double up as guides also carry binoculars. Hotels do supply packed lunches and you can get a bite at a canteen on the second gate and even at Forest Lodge.

Fairy Queen Train

2008-03-20T02:29:00.000-07:00

The Fairy Queen which finds mention in the "Guinness Book of World Records" is the oldest running steam locomotive in the world.For an idyllic weekend trip between Delhi and Alwar, the Fairy Queen comes to the rescue of those bored with the same old blase ways of traveling around the place. The Fairy Queen with the privileged ones abroad reaches the picturesque town of Alwar in Rajasthan the same day, from where the guests will be taken to Sariska Tiger Reserve for an overnight stay.

The 50 select guests will certainly go back with fond memories of a once-in-a lifetime experience. Book your tour today!

Heritage on Wheels

2008-03-20T02:27:00.000-07:00

Heritage on Wheels is yet another initiative by the Indian Railways to bring tourists closer to Indian culture. In association with the Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation, the Indian Railways have launched this luxury tourist train.
Traversing all the nook and crannies of the Bikaner and Shekhawati regions of Rajasthan, Heritage on Wheels takes you through an unbelievable journey that will remain etched in your memories forever.

Rajasthan is one of the culturally richest states in India. Heritage on Wheels is invariably the best way to showcase India to the world. Tourists get to witness the effortless amalgamation of city lifestyle in a rustic setup. This fusion has a uniqueness of its own.

International as well as domestic tourists will love to travel by Heritage on Wheels for its sheer royalty and splendor. Known to be one of the best luxury trains in India today, Heritage on Wheels gives you what no other train does.

Modeled on the Palace on Wheels, another luxury train of India, Heritage on Wheels has marvelous settings and will prove to be an ideal haven all through the journey. Luxurious amenities, personalized services and a congenial atmosphere will enhance the pleasure of your journey.

So, get set to unravel the beauty of Rajasthan on board the incredible Heritage on Wheels.

Natural Gas

2008-03-19T04:51:00.000-07:00

According to OGJ, India had 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2007. The bulk of India’s natural gas production comes from the western offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High complex. The onshore fields in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat states are also major producers of natural gas. According to EIA data, India produced 996 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of natural gas in 2004.
India imports small amounts of natural gas. In 2004, India consumed 1,089 Bcf of natural gas, the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports. During 2004, India imported 93 Bcf of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar.

Sector Organization
As in the oil sector, India’s state-owned companies account for the bulk of natural gas production. ONGC and Oil India Ltd. (OIL) are the largest companies by production volume, while some foreign companies participate in upstream developments in joint-ventures and production sharing contracts (PSCs). Reliance Industries, a privately-owned Indian company, will also have a greater role in the natural gas sector in the coming years, as a result of a large natural gas find in 2002 in the Krishna Godavari basin.

The Gas Authority of India Ltd.
(GAIL) holds an effective monopoly on natural gas transmission and distribution activities. In December 2006, the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a new policy that allows foreign investors, private domestic companies, and national oil companies to hold 100 percent equity stakes in pipeline projects. While GAIL’s monopoly in natural gas transmission and distribution is not guaranteed by statute, it will continue to be the leading player in the sector because of its existing natural gas infrastructure (in 2004, GAIL piped 88 percent of the natural gas consumed in India). http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/NaturalGas.html

The temples of North India

2008-03-17T03:19:00.000-07:00

The temples of North India are the abode of most heavenly sprits and holy figures. The Char Dham pilgrimage on the mighty Himalayas in North India is of the most divine journey for Hindu devotees. Visit the temples in North India that will spell-binds you through their holy environ and architecture splendor.

Madhya Pradesh
..Khajuraho Temples
..Mahakaleshwar Temple
..Teli Ka Mandir
Delhi
..Kalibarimandir
..Kalkaji Temple
..Lotus Temple
Rajasthan
..Bramha Temple
..Kailadevi Temple
Uttaranchal
..Badrinath Temple
..Kedarnath Temple

Temples In India

2008-03-17T03:16:00.000-07:00

India has rich cultural and historical heritage well preserved in its temple architecture and pilgrim sites. From the majestic Himalayan ranges in the North, to Kanyakumari in the South, India is arrayed with thousand of shrines, temples and worship places dating back to hundreds of years.. Many theories have been formulated to explain the existence of these holy sites in such a huge number, paving the path to attain salvation or "nirvana". The statuary and adornment in these ancient temples showcases one of the world's foremost artistic heritages. The designs of major temples have augmented into enormous architectural splendor.

.. Khajuraho Temples.. Badrinath Temple.. Pushkar Temples.. Tirupati Temples.. Kanyakumari Temple.. Dwarkadheesh Temple.. Srimahavirji.. Dilwara Jain Temples.. Ajanta Cave Temples.. Kedarnath Temple.. Kalkaji Temple .. Lotus Temple.. Birlamandir.. Meenakshi Temple

Indian Monuments

2008-03-14T05:01:00.000-07:00

India has some of the most beautiful and evocative monuments in the world. These monuments of India owe their execution to the imagination of men who dared to extend their ideas to the farthest limits of human thought. As kings and emperors, they were able to translate their ideas into bricks, mortar, marble and stone. These monuments of India range through a span of centuries and the major philosophies of the world.

Many of the great monuments of India had lost in the process of subversion and dependence through India remained for around 300 years from 17th century onwards. With the growth of a strong middle class, new wave for national awakening, and interactions with a world outside the geographical confines of India in the 19th and 20th century helped many Indians to look deep in their past. This awakening helped them taking back from the ruins the symbols from a golden age of India. Many Europeans for that matter also explored and brought back from the rubbles, the lost civilizations, ruined monuments, and lost cultures.
Taj Mahal Qutab Minar India Gate Red Fort Meenakshi Temple Charminar

Marathi Language

2008-03-14T04:59:00.000-07:00

Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Maharashtrian people of western India. Among the Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi is the southern-most language.
Marathi ranks 4th in India according to the number of speakers as their primary language. Marathi belongs to the group of Indo-Aryan languages which are a part of the larger of group of Indo-European languages, all of which can be traced back to a common root.

Gujarati Language

2008-03-14T04:57:00.000-07:00

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language, part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is one of the 22 official languages and 14 regional languages of India. The language is simple and relatively easy to learn. As a conversational language, it is concise, simple, and well adapted for social and domestic dealings.

The old (Apabhramsa) period (10th-14th cent.): During this period Parsis learned Sanskrit, and many of their religious texts were translated into Sanskrit from the Middle Persian versions. Thereafter when Gujarat came under Muslim influence, Arabic and Persian were studied. Parsis readily took to the Persian language and Sanskrit studies declined. It was at this time that Avestan and Pahlavi texts were translated into Gujarati with the use of existing Sanskrit translations.

Punjabi Language

2008-03-14T04:56:00.001-07:00

Basically the Punjabi is the language of Punjab. Punjab is one of the 14 regional languages recognized in the Indian constitution. Central Indo-Aryan language spoken in Punjab, an area now divided between India and Pakistan, to the west, modern Punjabi merges into the Lahnda language. Punjabi Punjabi is a intercontinental language. Its speakers are spread all over the world.

Assamese Language

2008-03-14T04:55:00.001-07:00

Assamese is spoken all along the Brahmaputra valley and sounds quite similar to Bengali, except for a few differences. In fact, the old text Charya Padas is claimed by both Old Assamese and Old Bengali.

The oldest Assamese writer was perhaps Hema Saraswati, who wrote his famous Prahlada Charita in the late 13th century AD. Madhava Kandali (14th century) was the next well-known figure, having written a vernacular Ramayana. Prominent among 15th century works were Durgavara’s Giti Ramayana, poems and songs from the Puranas by Pitambara and Manakara and the mass of literature called Mantras of unknown authorship.

Hindi Language

2008-03-14T04:49:00.000-07:00

Hindi, an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the primary official language of the Union government of India. It is part of a dialect continuum of the Indic family, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu, and Gujarati; on the south by Marathi; on the southeast by Oriya; on the east by Bengali; and on the north by Nepali.
Hindi also refers to a standardized register of Hindustani termed khari boli, that emerged as the standard dialect of Hindi. The grammatical description in this article concerns this standard Hindi.

Hindi is often contrasted with Urdu, another standardized form of Hindustani that is the official language of Pakistan and also an official language in some parts of India. The primary differences between the two are that Standard Hindi is written in Devanagari and draws its vocabulary with words from Sanskrit, while Urdu is written in Nastaliq script, a variant of the Perso-Arabic script, and draws heavily on Persian and Arabic vocabulary. The term "Urdu" also includes dialects of Hindustani other than the standardized languages. Other than these, linguists consider Hindi and Urdu to be the same language.

India and Indians!

2008-03-14T04:44:00.000-07:00

ndia is the world's largest, oldest, continuous civilization.

India never invaded any country in her last 10000 years of history.

India is the world's largest democracy.

Varanasi, also known as Benares, was called "the ancient city" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C.E, and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world day.

India invented the
Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.

The World's first university was established in
Takshashila in 700BC. More than 10,500
students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The
University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest
achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

Sanskrit is the
mother of all the European languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language
for computer software - a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.

Ayurveda is the
earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine
consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its
rightful place in our civilization.

Although modern images of India often show poverty
and lack of development, India was the richest
country on earth until the time of British invasion in the early
17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India's wealth.

The art of Navigation
was bornin the river Sindhu 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is
derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from
Sanskrit 'Nou'.

Bhaskaracharya
calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years
before the astronomer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th
century) 365.258756484 days.

The value of pi
was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is
known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long
before the European mathematicians.

Algebra, trigonometry
and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by
Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the
Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10**53(10 to the
power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BCE during the Vedic
period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 10**12(10 to the power
of 12).

IEEE has proved what has been a century old
suspicion in the world scientific community that the pioneer of wireless
communication was Prof. Jagdish Bose
and not Marconi.

The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was
built in Saurashtra.

According to Saka King Rudradaman I of 150 CE a
beautiful lake called Sudarshana was
constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya's time.

Chess (Shataranja
or AshtaPada) was invented in India.

Sushruta is the
father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time
conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs,
fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage
of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipment
were used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology,
digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.

When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers
over 5000 years ago, Indians established
Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).

The four religions born in India,
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism,
are followed by 25% of the world's population.

The place value system, the
decimal system was developed in India
in 100 BC.

India is one of the few countries in the World,
which gained independence without violence.

India has the second largest pool of
Scientists and Engineers in the World.

India is the largest
English speaking nation in the world.

India is the only country other than US and Japan,
to have built a super computer
indigenously.

India Food Kitchen

2008-03-12T10:13:00.000-07:00

The Food of India

2008-03-12T10:03:00.000-07:00

Rice and wheat (in bread forms) are the staple foods of India. The food of India is extremely diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods all vary from region to region. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India.

Interesting facts about India

2008-03-12T00:11:00.001-07:00

India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.

When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years
ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley
Civilization)

The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around
which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to
the river Indus as the Sindhu.

The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name `Hindustan'
combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.

Chess was invented in India.

Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in
India.

The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in
India in 100 B.C.

The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur,
Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece
of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between
1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.

India is the largest democracy in the world, the 6th largest Country in
the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.

The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint
Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat'. The ladders in the game
represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with
cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications,
but its meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds take people to heaven and
evil to a cycle of re-births.

The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built
in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above
sea level.

India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.

The largest employer in the world is the Indian Railways, employing over
a million people.

The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More
than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects.
The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest
achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father
of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.

India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in
the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth,
had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by
mistake.

The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000
years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word
'NAVGATIH'. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.

Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit
the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. According to his
calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun was 365.258756484
days.

The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician
Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean
Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European
mathematicians.

Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also originated in India. Quadratic
Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest
numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers
as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as
5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is
Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).

Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world (Source :
Gemological Institute of America).

The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in
the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan
mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.

Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over 2600 years ago
Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract,
artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and
brain surgeries.

Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient Indian medicine. Detailed
knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism, physiology,
etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.

India exports software to 90 countries.

The four religions born in India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and
Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world's population.

Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C.
respectively.

There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other
country, including the Muslim world.

The oldest European church and synagogue in India are in the city of
Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively.

Jews and Christians have lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and
52 A.D. respectively

The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu
Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.

The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is
the world's largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either
Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the
temple everyday.

Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in Punjab. Famous for
housing the Golden Temple, the city was founded in 1577.
Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called "the Ancient City" when Lord
Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited
city in the world today.

India provides safety for more than 300,000 refugees originally from Sri
Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to flee
religious and political persecution.

His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibetan
Buddhists, runs his government in exile from Dharmashala in northern India.

Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by
Buddhist missionaries. Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

Vindhyan and Deccan Trap

2008-03-12T00:07:00.000-07:00

The eastern and southern extremities of the Aravalli ranges in Rajasthan mark the beginning of two different geological formations. The Vindhyan hill system and the Deccan trap begin here. The Vindhyan system lies above the older formations and constitutes an unmetamorphosed column of calcareous, arenaceous and argillaceous sediments which cover a vast area, its varying depth peaking at a maximum thickness of 4,300 m. The Vindhyas in the state are part of the Great Vindhyan Basin, extending from Rohtas in Bihar to Chittorgarh in Rajasthan. The contact between the pre-Aravalli and Vindhya is marked y a regional fault, the great boundary fault, which masses the Aravallis against the lower Bhander quartzites of the Vindhyan group. This great boundary fault passes through the Ranthambhore national park in Sawai Madhopur.

Vindhyan sandstone is, by far, the most common rock found in the state, with the exception of the lower Bhander stage which, for the greater part, is calcareous. The sandstone is of a uniform fine grain, preserving the uniformity of texture and composition unchanged over long stretches. The Kaimur as well as Bhander sandstone is a fine textured, soft, easily workable stone with a deep red tint. It passes occasionally into softer shades in Karauli. These stones have a great market for building and other architectural purposes.

The topography is varied. Hill slopes change from very gentle to steep, ending in escarpments forming impregnable barriers. Extensive plateaus, locally called dangs, have been formed y the flat-topped hills of the Vindhyas. With its rich grasses and sparse tree growth, the dangs are a good pasture-land for herbivorous wild animals and domestic cattle. The Vindhyan forests of dhok and other species associated with it provide in excellent habitat for the tiger and its prey species.

The Deccan trap formation occurs in the state’s southern extremities of the Vindhyan an Aravalli ranges. Towards the end of the Mesozoic era, there were extensive eruptions an flows of lava in the peninsula which occlusive lava flows were separated by sedimentary beds. The thickness of the column of lava flows and sedimentary beds varied from place to place. The lava flows gave rise to the flat-topped hills and plateaus with their step-like terraces. The formation as a whole is called the Deccan trap.

Wild wonders of rajasthan

2008-03-12T00:03:00.000-07:00

Spanning an area of about 3,42,000 sq km, located in north-west India, Rajasthan is among the largest of the country’s states and is remarkably rich in wildlife, its vast size and latitudinal variations (sea level to over 1,700 m) have provided it with varied vegetation- from the semi-evergreen forests of Mt Abu to the almost barren or dry scrub grasslands of the desert and from the dry deciduous thorn forests of the Aravalli hills to the wet marshes of Bharatpur.

The climate of the state may be described as tropical monsoon, but varies considerably from area to area, its extremes of temperature ranging from frost cold winters to scorching hot, dry summers. The average annual rainfall varies from 100-1,500 mm.

Geographically, Rajasthan can be divided into four regions, each distinctive—the desert in the north and west, the Aravalli hills in the middle, the alluvial Indo-Gangetic plains in the east, and the Vindhyan hills and the Deccan trap in the south and south-eastern parts of the state-with ecosystems that support a variety of wildlife. Till a hundred years ago the Asiatic lion, now confined to the Gir forests of Gujarat, and the cheetah, now extinct in India, were found in many parts of the state. Sightings of herds of over a thousand antelopes was not unusual. The range and number of these antelopes has declined with the increase in human population and the ploughing of marginal lands-yet, large herds can still be spotted in the state’s non-forest areas. Tigers and their prey animals, deer and wild bqar, are essentially forest animals and are, therefore, confined to the Aravalli and Vindhyan hills. Two protected regions have been included under Project Tiger. Although the tiger is an elusive animal, yet the chances of seeing one in the dry deciduous forests of Rajasthan is better than in most other tiger reserves.

The leopard, also called panther in India, an adaptable animal, is usually found in the forest areas as well as in the open, degraded forest areas with rocky outcrops adjoining towns and villages. The cunning predator finds it easy to prey on unguarded village dogs, goats, donkeys, calves and poultry.

Besides the two big cats, five lesser cats-caracal, jungle cat, fishing cat, desert cat and rusty spotted cat-inhabit the state. The caracal, found in both the forest and the desert, is a graceful feline with a sandy coloration and black tufted ears. Once trained for hunting doves, pigeons, partridges and other birds by the cheetah-trainers of Jaipur, this agile hunter has now become rate, occasionally sighted in Ranthambhore and Sariska. There have been recent reports of sightings of the rusty spotted cat for the first time in Sariska. It is possible that it is also present in other, similar areas though no such reports are available. The jungle cat is common in most protected areas as well as in the wastelands. The distribution of the desert cat is confined to the arid parts of the state, whereas the best place to spot a fishing cat is the Keoladeo Ghana national park, Bharatpur.

The Rbesus macaque and common langur are found throughout Rajasthan with the exception o the arid Thar desert. Monkeys are unharmed by people because of religious sentiments, resulting in their bold behaviour, especially near towns and villages where they snatch food and offerings from unwary pilgrims. The langur feeds on wild leaves and fruit. A wasteful feeder, it drops large quantities on the ground where it is consumed by deer and wild boar which often move with the langur. The langur sounds the alarm to announce the presence of large predators like the tiger or leopard to warn their prey.